%PDF-1.3
%
2 0 obj
<<
/Length 2291
>>
stream
0 G
0 J 0 j 0.3 w 10 M []0 d
/GS1 gs
1 i
147 154 m
465 154 l
S
BT
/F1 1 Tf
6.4 0 0 6.0925 238.98 172 Tm
0 g
0 Tc
0 Tw
(U)Tj
8 0 0 8 244.196 172 Tm
(.)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0925 246.4199 172 Tm
(S)Tj
8 0 0 8 250.452 172 Tm
(. )Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0925 256.6599 172 Tm
0.275 Tw
(GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE)Tj
2.0844 -1.9696 TD
0 Tw
(WASHINGTON )Tj
8 0 0 8 321.0655 160 Tm
(: )Tj
6 0 0 6 194.18 144 Tm
0.0533 Tw
(For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office)Tj
-1.45 -1.3333 TD
[(Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov)-1000(Phone: toll free \(866\) 5121800; DC area \(202\) 5121800)]TJ
3.85 -1.3333 TD
[(Fax: \(202\) 5122104)-1000(Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 204020001)]TJ
-7.5967 5.3333 TD
(50769 PDF )Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0925 326 160 Tm
0 Tw
(2009)Tj
8 0 0 8 340.2336 160 Tm
( )Tj
8.0558 66.25 TD
0.2175 Tw
(S. H)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0925 422.5717 690 Tm
0 Tw
(RG)Tj
8 0 0 8 432.1717 690 Tm
0.2175 Tw
(. 11146 )Tj
/F2 1 Tf
12.42 0 0 18 150 670 Tm
0.1997 Tw
(THE BLUE ECONOMY: THE ROLE OF THE OCEANS )Tj
3.0853 -1.1111 TD
(IN OUR NATIONS ECONOMIC FUTURE )Tj
ET
0.5 w
147 639.24 m
465 639.24 l
147 641.44 m
465 641.44 l
S
BT
/F1 1 Tf
18 0 0 18 261 569 Tm
0 Tw
(HEARING )Tj
7.2 0 0 6.8543 280.92 555 Tm
[(BEFORE)-411.1(THE)]TJ
9 0 0 9 331.0771 555 Tm
( )Tj
/F3 1 Tf
11.9 0 0 14 173.86 534 Tm
0.1294 Tw
(SUBCOMMITTEE ON OCEANS, ATMOSPHERE, )Tj
3.195 -1.1429 TD
(FISHERIES, AND COAST GUARD )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
7.2 0 0 6.8543 291.32 504 Tm
0 Tw
[(OF)-411.1(THE)]TJ
9 0 0 9 320.683 504 Tm
( )Tj
/F3 1 Tf
15.3 0 0 18 196.7 480 Tm
0.1294 Tw
(COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, )Tj
-1.2275 -1.2222 TD
(SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION )Tj
2.051 -1.2222 TD
(UNITED STATES SENATE )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 201.38 416 Tm
0.216 Tw
(ONE HUNDRED ELEVENTH CONGRESS )Tj
8 0 0 8 273.2 398 Tm
0.2175 Tw
(FIRST SESSION )Tj
ET
281 386.24 m
331 386.24 l
S
BT
8 0 0 8 278.18 368 Tm
(JUNE 9, 2009 )Tj
ET
281 356.24 m
331 356.24 l
S
BT
8 0 0 8 148.12 338 Tm
(Printed for the use of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation )Tj
/F4 1 Tf
32 0 0 32 289.64 248 Tm
0 Tw
(\( )Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm
1 g
[(VerDate Nov 24 2008 )-1076.9(09:02 Jul 16, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 050769)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00001)-1076.9(Fmt 5011)-1076.9(Sfmt 5011)-1076.9(S:\\WPSHR\\GPO\\DOCS\\50769.TXT)-1076.9(SCOM1)-1076.9(PsN: JACKIE)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
3 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/F1 4 0 R
/F2 5 0 R
/F3 6 0 R
/F4 7 0 R
/F5 8 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
12 0 obj
<<
/Length 3905
>>
stream
BT
/F1 1 Tf
7 0 0 7 300.82 101 Tm
0 g
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
(\(II\) )Tj
8 0 0 8 151.02 581 Tm
0.1625 Tw
(SENATE COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION )Tj
7 0 0 7 233.34 563 Tm
0.1629 Tw
(ONE HUNDRED ELEVENTH CONGRESS )Tj
6.3086 -2.2857 TD
(FIRST SESSION )Tj
-9.5029 -2.8571 TD
(JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER IV, West Virginia, )Tj
/F6 1 Tf
22.4055 0 TD
0 Tw
(Chairman )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
-31.5455 -1.4286 TD
0.1629 Tw
(DANIEL K. INOUYE, Hawaii )Tj
0 -1.1429 TD
(JOHN F. KERRY, Massachusetts )Tj
T*
(BYRON L. DORGAN, North Dakota )Tj
T*
(BARBARA BOXER, California )Tj
T*
(BILL NELSON, Florida )Tj
T*
(MARIA CANTWELL, Washington )Tj
T*
(FRANK R. LAUTENBERG, New Jersey )Tj
T*
(MARK PRYOR, Arkansas )Tj
T*
(CLAIRE M)Tj
5.6 0 0 5.3341 184.4286 453 Tm
0 Tw
(C)Tj
7 0 0 7 188.4717 453 Tm
0.1629 Tw
(CASKILL, Missouri )Tj
-5.9245 -1.1429 TD
(AMY KLOBUCHAR, Minnesota )Tj
T*
(TOM UDALL, New Mexico )Tj
T*
(MARK WARNER, Virginia )Tj
T*
(MARK BEGICH, Alaska )Tj
23.1429 13.7143 TD
(KAY BAILEY HUTCHISON, Texas, )Tj
/F6 1 Tf
17.6907 0 TD
0 Tw
(Ranking )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
-17.6907 -1.1429 TD
0.1629 Tw
(OLYMPIA J. SNOWE, Maine )Tj
T*
(JOHN ENSIGN, Nevada )Tj
T*
(JIM D)Tj
5.6 0 0 5.3341 330.8813 493.0001 Tm
0 Tw
(E)Tj
7 0 0 7 334.9244 493.0001 Tm
0.1629 Tw
(MINT, South Carolina )Tj
-3.7035 -1.1429 TD
(JOHN THUNE, South Dakota )Tj
T*
(ROGER F. WICKER, Mississippi )Tj
T*
(JOHNNY ISAKSON, Georgia )Tj
T*
(DAVID VITTER, Louisiana )Tj
T*
(SAM BROWNBACK, Kansas )Tj
T*
(MEL MARTINEZ, Florida )Tj
T*
(MIKE JOHANNS, Nebraska )Tj
-8.4571 -3.7143 TD
0 Tw
(E)Tj
5.6 0 0 5.3341 254.8541 411.0001 Tm
(LLEN)Tj
7 0 0 7 274.0112 411.0001 Tm
0.1629 Tw
(L. D)Tj
5.6 0 0 5.3341 289.1584 411.0001 Tm
0 Tw
(ONESKI)Tj
7 0 0 7 312.2857 411.0001 Tm
(, )Tj
/F6 1 Tf
0.7189 0 TD
0.1629 Tw
(Chief of Staff )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
-9.8597 -1.1429 TD
0 Tw
(J)Tj
5.6 0 0 5.3341 252.192 403.0001 Tm
(AMES)Tj
7 0 0 7 272.1723 403.0001 Tm
(R)Tj
5.6 0 0 5.3341 277.2264 403.0001 Tm
(EID)Tj
7 0 0 7 287.9053 403.0001 Tm
(, )Tj
/F6 1 Tf
0.7189 0 TD
0.1629 Tw
(Deputy Chief of Staff )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
-7.1253 -1.1429 TD
0 Tw
(B)Tj
5.6 0 0 5.3341 248.1141 395.0002 Tm
(RUCE)Tj
7 0 0 7 267.8871 395.0002 Tm
0.1629 Tw
(H. A)Tj
5.6 0 0 5.3341 283.8044 395.0002 Tm
0 Tw
(NDREWS)Tj
7 0 0 7 309.8324 395.0002 Tm
(, )Tj
/F6 1 Tf
0.7189 0 TD
0.1629 Tw
(General Counsel )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
-17.8892 -1.1429 TD
0 Tw
(C)Tj
5.6 0 0 5.3341 194.6941 387.0001 Tm
(HRISTINE)Tj
7 0 0 7 226.9099 387.0001 Tm
0.1629 Tw
(D. K)Tj
5.6 0 0 5.3341 242.8342 387.0001 Tm
0 Tw
(URTH)Tj
7 0 0 7 259.8409 387.0001 Tm
(, )Tj
/F6 1 Tf
0.7189 0 TD
0.1629 Tw
(Republican Staff Director and General Counsel )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
-5.7104 -1.1429 TD
0 Tw
(B)Tj
5.6 0 0 5.3341 229.9541 379.0001 Tm
(RIAN)Tj
7 0 0 7 247.9632 379.0001 Tm
0.1629 Tw
(M. H)Tj
5.6 0 0 5.3341 265.4345 379.0001 Tm
0 Tw
(ENDRICKS)Tj
7 0 0 7 296.6479 379.0001 Tm
(, )Tj
/F6 1 Tf
0.7189 0 TD
0.1629 Tw
(Republican Chief Counsel )Tj
ET
0 G
0 J 0 j 0.4 w 10 M []0 d
1 i
291 366.8 m
321 366.8 l
S
BT
/F1 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 157.3 350.6001 Tm
0.1625 Tw
(SUBCOMMITTEE ON OCEANS, ATMOSPHERE, FISHERIES, AND COAST )Tj
16.68 -1 TD
0 Tw
(GUARD )Tj
7 0 0 7 147 328.6001 Tm
0.1629 Tw
(MARIA CANTWELL, Washington, )Tj
/F6 1 Tf
16.9329 0 TD
0 Tw
(Chairman )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
-16.9329 -1.1429 TD
0.1629 Tw
(DANIEL K. INOUYE, Hawaii )Tj
T*
(JOHN F. KERRY, Massachusetts )Tj
T*
(BARBARA BOXER, California )Tj
T*
(FRANK R. LAUTENBERG, New Jersey )Tj
T*
(MARK BEGICH, Alaska )Tj
23.1429 5.7143 TD
(OLYMPIA J. SNOWE, Maine, )Tj
/F6 1 Tf
14.8947 0 TD
0 Tw
(Ranking )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
-14.8947 -1.1429 TD
0.1629 Tw
(ROGER WICKER, Mississippi )Tj
T*
(JOHNNY ISAKSON, Georgia )Tj
T*
(DAVID VITTER, Louisiana )Tj
T*
(MEL MARTINEZ, Florida )Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm
1 g
0 Tw
[(VerDate Nov 24 2008 )-1076.9(09:02 Jul 16, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 050769)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00002)-1076.9(Fmt 5904)-1076.9(Sfmt 5904)-1076.9(S:\\WPSHR\\GPO\\DOCS\\50769.TXT)-1076.9(SCOM1)-1076.9(PsN: JACKIE)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
13 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/F1 4 0 R
/F5 8 0 R
/F6 14 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
16 0 obj
<<
/Length 3689
>>
stream
BT
/F1 1 Tf
7 0 0 7 299.4 101 Tm
0 g
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
(\(III\) )Tj
12 0 0 12 261.88 577 Tm
-0.0567 Tw
(C O N T E N T S )Tj
ET
0 G
0 J 0 j 0.4 w 10 M []0 d
1 i
281 564.8 m
331 564.8 l
S
BT
6 0 0 6 451.4399 552.6 Tm
0 Tw
(Page )Tj
8 0 0 8 147 544.6 Tm
0.0525 Tw
[(Hearing held on June 9, 2009 )-292.5(.................................................................................)-2159(1 )]TJ
0 -1 TD
[(Statement of Senator Cantwell )-525(..............................................................................)-2162.5(1 )]TJ
T*
[(Statement of Senator Snowe )-300(...................................................................................)-2164.5(2 )]TJ
2 -1 TD
[(Prepared statement )-405(..........................................................................................)-2164.5(4 )]TJ
15.295 -2 TD
0 Tw
(W)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 293.2079 504.6 Tm
(ITNESSES)Tj
8 0 0 8 326.635 504.6 Tm
( )Tj
-22.4544 -1.75 TD
0.0525 Tw
[(Judith T. Kildow Ph.D., Director, National Ocean Economics Program )-340(.............)-2153(6 )]TJ
2 -1 TD
[(Prepared statement )-405(..........................................................................................)-2164.5(8 )]TJ
-2 -1 TD
[(Alexandra Cousteau, Founder and President, Blue Legacy International )-467.5(.........)-1600(11 )]TJ
T*
0.48 Tw
(William Fenical, Distinguished Professor of Oceanography and Pharma-)Tj
1 -1 TD
0.255 Tw
(ceutical Science, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of Cali-)Tj
T*
0.465 Tw
[(fornia .....................................................................................................................)-1612.5(12 )]TJ
1 -1 TD
0.0525 Tw
[(Prepared statement )-405(..........................................................................................)-1609.5(14 )]TJ
-2 -1 TD
[(Brad Warren, Sustainable Fisheries Partnership )-297.5(.................................................)-1604.5(16 )]TJ
2 -1 TD
[(Prepared statement )-405(..........................................................................................)-1609.5(18 )]TJ
-2 -1 TD
0.13 Tw
(Deerin Babb-Brott, Assistant Secretary of Oceans and Coastal Zone Manage-)Tj
1 -1 TD
0.305 Tw
(ment, Massachusetts Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Af-)Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
[(fairs, Commonwealth of Massachusetts )-420(.............................................................)-1606.5(21 )]TJ
1 -1 TD
[(Prepared statement )-405(..........................................................................................)-1609.5(23 )]TJ
-2 -1 TD
0.315 Tw
(Willett Kempton, Ph.D., Associate Professor, College of Earth, Ocean and )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.1075 Tw
(Environment, and Director, Center for Carbon-free Power Integration, Uni-)Tj
T*
0.28 Tw
(versity of Delaware; Chair, R&D Subcommittee, Offshore Wind Working )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
[(Group, American Wind Energy Association )-315(.......................................................)-1607(31 )]TJ
1 -1 TD
[(Prepared statement )-405(..........................................................................................)-1609.5(33 )]TJ
15.61 -2 TD
0 Tw
(A)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 293.6559 338.6001 Tm
(PPENDIX)Tj
8 0 0 8 324.1198 338.6001 Tm
( )Tj
-22.14 -1.75 TD
0.6625 Tw
(John D. Rockefeller IV, U.S. Senator from West Virginia, prepared )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.485 Tw
[(statement ..............................................................................................................)-1611.5(51 )]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm
1 g
0 Tw
[(VerDate Nov 24 2008 )-1076.9(09:02 Jul 16, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 050769)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00003)-1076.9(Fmt 5904)-1076.9(Sfmt 5904)-1076.9(S:\\WPSHR\\GPO\\DOCS\\50769.TXT)-1076.9(SCOM1)-1076.9(PsN: JACKIE)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
17 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/F1 4 0 R
/F5 8 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
19 0 obj
<<
/Length 275
>>
stream
BT
/F5 1 Tf
6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm
1 g
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
[(VerDate Nov 24 2008 )-1076.9(09:02 Jul 16, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 050769)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00004)-1076.9(Fmt 5904)-1076.9(Sfmt 5904)-1076.9(S:\\WPSHR\\GPO\\DOCS\\50769.TXT)-1076.9(SCOM1)-1076.9(PsN: JACKIE)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
20 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/F5 8 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
22 0 obj
<<
/Length 4524
>>
stream
BT
/F1 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 301.12 111 Tm
0 g
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
(\(1\) )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
12 0 0 12 193.82 587 Tm
0.1533 Tw
(THE BLUE ECONOMY: THE ROLE )Tj
2.3233 -1.2 TD
(OF THE OCEANS IN OUR )Tj
-1.5417 -1.1917 TD
(NATIONS ECONOMIC FUTURE )Tj
ET
0 G
0 J 0 j 0.4 w 10 M []0 d
1 i
281 545.8 m
331 545.8 l
S
BT
9 0 0 9 246.28 525.3 Tm
0.2067 Tw
(TUESDAY, JUNE 9, 2009 )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 333.42 506.3 Tm
0.052 Tw
(U.S. S)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 363.0295 506.3 Tm
0 Tw
(ENATE)Tj
10 0 0 10 392.2131 506.3 Tm
(, )Tj
-22.7333 -1 TD
(S)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 171.1799 496.3 Tm
[(UBCOMMITTEE)-412.5(ON)]TJ
10 0 0 10 255.4027 496.3 Tm
(O)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 263.1826 496.3 Tm
(CEANS)Tj
10 0 0 10 292.0702 496.3 Tm
0.052 Tw
(, A)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 305.37 496.3 Tm
0 Tw
(TMOSPHERE)Tj
10 0 0 10 358.8492 496.3 Tm
0.052 Tw
(, F)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 371.599 496.3 Tm
0 Tw
(ISHERIES)Tj
10 0 0 10 412.1823 496.3 Tm
(, )Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 325.42 486.3 Tm
(AND)Tj
10 0 0 10 347.2397 486.3 Tm
(C)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 354.4596 486.3 Tm
(OAST)Tj
10 0 0 10 380.1353 486.3 Tm
(G)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 387.9152 486.3 Tm
(UARD)Tj
10 0 0 10 412.2108 486.3 Tm
(, )Tj
-25.7791 -1 TD
(C)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 161.6399 476.3 Tm
[(OMMITTEE)-412.5(ON)]TJ
10 0 0 10 227.791 476.3 Tm
(C)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 235.0109 476.3 Tm
(OMMERCE)Tj
10 0 0 10 279.4422 476.3 Tm
0.052 Tw
(, S)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 291.822 476.3 Tm
0 Tw
(CIENCE)Tj
10 0 0 10 324.7015 476.3 Tm
(, )Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 330.7814 476.3 Tm
(AND)Tj
10 0 0 10 352.6011 476.3 Tm
(T)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 359.2711 476.3 Tm
(RANSPORTATION)Tj
10 0 0 10 432.166 476.3 Tm
(, )Tj
/F6 1 Tf
-5.6006 -1 TD
0.052 Tw
(Washington, DC. )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
-21.916 -1.2 TD
0.124 Tw
(The Subcommittee met, pursuant to notice, at 9:30 a.m. in room )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.42 Tw
(SR253, Russell Senate Office Building, Hon. Maria Cantwell, )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(Chairman of the Subcommittee, presiding. )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 177.58 417 Tm
0.0422 Tw
(OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. MARIA CANTWELL, )Tj
4.4933 -1.1111 TD
(U.S. SENATOR FROM WASHINGTON )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 157 393 Tm
0.052 Tw
(Senator C)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 203.8193 393 Tm
0 Tw
(ANTWELL)Tj
10 0 0 10 245.7466 393 Tm
0.052 Tw
(. Good morning. The Subcommittee on Oceans, )Tj
-9.8747 -1 TD
(Atmosphere, Fisheries, and Coast Guard will come to order. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.094 Tw
(Welcome to our panelists this morning. I would like to thank my )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.082 Tw
(colleague Senator Snowe, who I am sure is going to join us shortly, )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(for helping to participate in todays hearing. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.184 Tw
(Today, we are trying to shine a spotlight on the Blue Economy )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.082 Tw
(and its contribution to our Nations economic health and revitaliza-)Tj
T*
0.156 Tw
(tion. The Blue Economy, the jobs and economic opportunities that )Tj
T*
0.086 Tw
(emerge from our oceans, Great Lakes, and coastal resources, is one )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(of the main tools to rebuilding the U.S. economy. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.146 Tw
(America, from Fort Lauderdale, Florida, to Seattle, Washington, )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.066 Tw
(and as far inland as Topeka, Kansas, rely on our oceans for numer-)Tj
T*
0.108 Tw
(ous goods and servicesfor food to fuel to rain for crops and, obvi-)Tj
T*
0.17 Tw
(ously, the great work we are going to hear about today, cures for )Tj
T*
0 Tw
(cancer. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.134 Tw
(Today, the ocean and coastal economies of the U.S. provide over )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.174 Tw
(50 million jobs for Americans and contribute nearly 60 percent of )Tj
T*
0.086 Tw
(our GDP. We also rely on our oceans for trade in goods vital to our )Tj
T*
0.202 Tw
(economy. Nearly 80 percent of U.S. imports and export freight is )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(transported through our seaports. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.122 Tw
(And in my home State of Washington, our history and our econ-)Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.288 Tw
(omy are based on a rich maritime tradition that contributes as )Tj
T*
0.068 Tw
(much as $3 billion for commercial fishing alone. For example, there )Tj
T*
0.09 Tw
(are over 3,000 vessels in Washingtons fishing fleet, and it employs )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(over 10,000 fishermen. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.098 Tw
(There is great untapped wealth in our oceans, and that will lead )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.126 Tw
(to new jobs and new business opportunities. Fungus living on sea-)Tj
T*
0.104 Tw
(weed, bacteria growing in deep sea mud, sea fans may all hold the )Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm
1 g
0 Tw
[(VerDate Nov 24 2008 )-1076.9(09:02 Jul 16, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 050769)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00005)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6633)-1076.9(S:\\WPSHR\\GPO\\DOCS\\50769.TXT)-1076.9(SCOM1)-1076.9(PsN: JACKIE)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
23 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/F1 4 0 R
/F5 8 0 R
/F6 14 0 R
/F7 24 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
26 0 obj
<<
/Length 4408
>>
stream
BT
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 303.22 661 Tm
0 g
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
(2 )Tj
-15.622 -2 TD
0.09 Tw
(key to curing cancer and other deadly diseases. And aquaculture is )Tj
0 -1.02 TD
0.37 Tw
(a growing industry along our shorelines and in the deep blue )Tj
0 -1.01 TD
0 Tw
(waters. )Tj
1 -1.01 TD
0.138 Tw
(And concern with climate change is fueling interest in new blue )Tj
-1 -1.01 TD
0.142 Tw
(jobs in renewable energy resources. According to a report released )Tj
T*
0.11 Tw
(yesterday by the National Ocean Economics Program, the strength )Tj
T*
0.2 Tw
(of the Blue Economy is dependent upon the health of our oceans )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(and our coast, and today, our oceans are in peril. )Tj
1 -1.01 TD
0.136 Tw
(Climate change, ocean acidification, pollution, overfishing, rising )Tj
-1 -1.01 TD
0.19 Tw
(sea levels, and marine debris all have economic, social, and envi-)Tj
T*
0.186 Tw
(ronmental impacts to our coast, to our oceans, and coastal econo-)Tj
T*
0.136 Tw
(mies. Protecting our oceans is an environmental and economic im-)Tj
T*
0 Tw
(perative. )Tj
1 -1.01 TD
0.09 Tw
(There are steps that we need to take to maintain our Blue Econ-)Tj
-1 -1.01 TD
0.156 Tw
(omy. First, we must pass climate change legislation to reduce our )Tj
T*
0.29 Tw
(carbon emissions, and second, we must strengthen the National )Tj
T*
0.296 Tw
(Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration by doubling its budget )Tj
T*
0.096 Tw
(over the next 4 years and creating a strong mission through an or-)Tj
T*
0.132 Tw
(ganic act that doesnt exist at this point. Third, we must find new )Tj
T*
0.266 Tw
(approaches to incorporating ecosystem-based management in our )Tj
T*
0 Tw
(oceans. )Tj
1 -1.01 TD
0.19 Tw
(Our Blue Economy has been the foundation of our economy for )Tj
-1 -1.01 TD
0.09 Tw
(centuries in the past, and it holds tremendous potential to growing )Tj
T*
0.178 Tw
(economic opportunities for future generations. Our challenge is to )Tj
T*
0.102 Tw
(strike a balance between maintaining the economic and social ben-)Tj
T*
0.158 Tw
(efits of our oceans and coastline while protecting the vital marine )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(ecosystem resources. )Tj
1 -1.01 TD
0.056 Tw
(Before I introduce the panel today, I would like to turn to my col-)Tj
-1 -1.01 TD
0.144 Tw
(league, Senator Snowe. Again, thank you for being here and help-)Tj
T*
0.206 Tw
(ing us coordinate on the holding of this hearing. And I will turn )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(to you for your opening statement. )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 200.58 317.7001 Tm
0.0422 Tw
(STATEMENT OF HON. OLYMPIA J. SNOWE, )Tj
3.9356 -1.2 TD
(U.S. SENATOR FROM MAINE )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 157 292.8001 Tm
0.41 Tw
(Senator S)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 206.4793 292.8001 Tm
0 Tw
(NOWE)Tj
10 0 0 10 232.8469 292.8001 Tm
0.41 Tw
(. Thank you, Madam Chair. Thank you very )Tj
-8.5847 -1.01 TD
0.194 Tw
(much for calling this hearing today and for helping accommodate )Tj
T*
0 Tw
(schedules. )Tj
1 -1.01 TD
0.248 Tw
(It is a very difficult and challenging time. There are so many )Tj
-1 -1.01 TD
0.07 Tw
(things going on at the same time. But I thought it was most appro-)Tj
T*
0.272 Tw
(priate to hold this hearing this week during Capitol Hill Ocean )Tj
T*
0.206 Tw
(Week, to delve into some of the issues that are important to the )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(oceans, but also to our Nations economy. )Tj
1 -1.01 TD
0.134 Tw
(I am pleased to welcome this esteemed panel of witnesses today )Tj
-1 -1.01 TD
0.18 Tw
(to discuss many of the issues that are so important, especially in )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(the developments in your respective spheres. )Tj
1 -1.01 TD
0.286 Tw
(Today, the worlds oceans face numerous threats toward their )Tj
-1 -1.01 TD
0.182 Tw
(productivity and viability, including the looming threat of climate )Tj
T*
0.066 Tw
(change. So, we must take stock of our ocean resources and examine )Tj
T*
0.29 Tw
(the ways we can continue to utilize the goods and services our )Tj
T*
0.172 Tw
(ocean provides, while simultaneously redoubling our efforts to en-)Tj
T*
0.146 Tw
(sure that we are using our oceans sustainably and also protecting )Tj
T*
0.06 Tw
(them from the inevitable damage that will occur as a result of glob-)Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(al climate change. )Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm
1 g
0 Tw
[(VerDate Nov 24 2008 )-1076.9(09:02 Jul 16, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 050769)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00006)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6633)-1076.9(S:\\WPSHR\\GPO\\DOCS\\50769.TXT)-1076.9(SCOM1)-1076.9(PsN: JACKIE)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
27 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/F1 4 0 R
/F5 8 0 R
/F7 24 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
29 0 obj
<<
/Length 4471
>>
stream
BT
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 303.22 661 Tm
0 g
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
(3 )Tj
-14.622 -2 TD
0.128 Tw
(So, I am delighted that all of you could be here today to discuss )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.186 Tw
(relevant developments in your fields of expertise and help inform )Tj
T*
0.142 Tw
(the policies we will develop in this committee in the coming years )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(and months. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.31 Tw
(The more than 5,500 miles of coastline in my home State of )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.258 Tw
(Maine continues to shape our culture and our economy, as they )Tj
T*
0.08 Tw
(have defined our heritage. The oceans have been truly the lifeblood )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(of Maines economy. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.256 Tw
(In 2007, Maines fishermen landed over 180 million pounds of )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.156 Tw
(fish valued at nearly $350 million. Still, this represents a precipi-)Tj
T*
0.188 Tw
(tous decline from the industrys peak in the early 1990s, particu-)Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(larly in the groundfish industry of cod, haddock, and flounder. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.286 Tw
(Until the last few years, Maines fishermen made their living )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.602 Tw
(pursuing a diverse number of species, including groundfish, )Tj
T*
0.098 Tw
(shrimp, lobsters, scallops, among others. Yet increasingly, our fish-)Tj
T*
0.184 Tw
(ermen have been dependent on a single species. In 2007, over 80 )Tj
T*
0.128 Tw
(percent of the value of Maines catch came from lobster. This kind )Tj
T*
0.16 Tw
(of consolidation is extremely perilous for our coastal communities, )Tj
T*
0.198 Tw
(which rely heavily on the fishing industry and its affiliated busi-)Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(nesses to survive. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.276 Tw
(Meanwhile, additional uses of ocean spaces are emerging that )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.112 Tw
(can contribute not just to our economy, but to the future of energy )Tj
T*
0.22 Tw
(generation and climate policy. And just this last Friday, I joined )Tj
T*
(the Governor of Maine and the Congressional delegation to meet )Tj
T*
0.19 Tw
(with Secretary Chu about developing an offshore wind energy re-)Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(search development center at the University of Maine. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.37 Tw
(Today, the average Maine family spends 20 percent of their )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.114 Tw
(household budget on energy. That is expected to expand to 40 per-)Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(cent within the next 10 years. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.23 Tw
(Meanwhile, off the coast of just the Lower 48 States, we have )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.19 Tw
(wind resources capable of producing enough energy to exceed our )Tj
T*
0.144 Tw
(Nations total energy demand. And just off the coast of Maine lies )Tj
T*
0.324 Tw
(wind resources that can generate energy equivalent to approxi-)Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(mately 40 nuclear power plants. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.062 Tw
(Technology is currently available to harness the winds in shallow )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.178 Tw
(water, but we must push the envelope. Developing deepwater off-)Tj
T*
0.11 Tw
(shore wind technology capable of operating farther from our coasts )Tj
T*
0.108 Tw
(where the winds are stronger and more consistent can help reform )Tj
T*
0.088 Tw
(energy generation in Maine, throughout the Nation, and across the )Tj
T*
0 Tw
(globe. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.17 Tw
(Maine is certainly uniquely positioned to be a leader in this ef-)Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.15 Tw
(fort. The oceanographic conditions in our State waters have excel-)Tj
T*
0.14 Tw
(lent wind resources and water deep enough to deploy floating tur-)Tj
T*
0.076 Tw
(bines, and that is going to be critically important. So, hopefully, we )Tj
T*
0.368 Tw
(can explore the potential of this enormous opportunity for the )Tj
T*
0.134 Tw
(State, as well as our country. It means thousands of jobs that can )Tj
T*
0.1 Tw
(be created nationally, and it certainly means a clean energy future )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(for generations. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.14 Tw
(I want to again thank our panel of witnesses for their efforts to )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.092 Tw
(be here today. And I also want to recognize Dr. Kildow and her re-)Tj
T*
0.142 Tw
(port. I know she co-authored it with Dr. Charles Colgan, who is a )Tj
T*
0.056 Tw
(Professor as well as the Chair of the Community Planning Develop-)Tj
T*
0.216 Tw
(ment Center at the University of Southern Maine at the Muskie )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(School of Public Service. )Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm
1 g
0 Tw
[(VerDate Nov 24 2008 )-1076.9(09:02 Jul 16, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 050769)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00007)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6633)-1076.9(S:\\WPSHR\\GPO\\DOCS\\50769.TXT)-1076.9(SCOM1)-1076.9(PsN: JACKIE)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
30 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/F1 4 0 R
/F5 8 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
32 0 obj
<<
/Length 6105
>>
stream
BT
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 303.22 661 Tm
0 g
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
(4 )Tj
-14.622 -2 TD
0.152 Tw
(And I thought some of the statistics were truly fascinating, and )Tj
-1 -1.01 TD
0.29 Tw
(I think it really does explain the scope of what we are talking )Tj
T*
0.17 Tw
(about in terms of the use of the oceans and what they contribute )Tj
T*
0.232 Tw
(to our Nations economy and the coastal communities. And I am )Tj
T*
0.216 Tw
(staggered by the fact that when you think about what you men-)Tj
T*
0.186 Tw
(tioned in your report that coastal counties, just 18 percent of the )Tj
T*
0.168 Tw
(U.S. land area, contribute 42 percent of the U.S. economic output )Tj
T*
0.082 Tw
(in 2007. The coastal States account for 83 percent of the U.S. econ-)Tj
T*
0 Tw
(omy. )Tj
1 -1.01 TD
0.058 Tw
(I think that those are the statistics and facts that have to be her-)Tj
-1 -1.01 TD
0.166 Tw
(alded as to why we have to do everything we can to preserve the )Tj
T*
0.154 Tw
(way of life in our coastal communities, the oceans, and what they )Tj
T*
0.172 Tw
(represent, both for our energy purposes or for climate change, for )Tj
T*
0.082 Tw
(our ecosystems, for our habitats. And people just truly dont under-)Tj
T*
0.088 Tw
(stand the dimensions to which it contributes to this Nation and for )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(generations to come. )Tj
1 -1.01 TD
0.11 Tw
(So I very much appreciate you all being here today and your ex-)Tj
-1 -1.01 TD
0.136 Tw
(pertise. And if I have to leave early, please forgive me. I have an-)Tj
T*
0.184 Tw
(other meeting on healthcare. What is coming up is we are begin-)Tj
T*
0.12 Tw
(ning on healthcare reform. But I want to thank you all very much )Tj
T*
0.2 Tw
(for being here, and I will certainly submit questions if I cant be )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(here for the question period. )Tj
1 -1.01 TD
(Thank you, Madam Chair. )Tj
T*
([The prepared statement of Senator Snowe follows:] )Tj
8 0 0 8 157.58 388.6002 Tm
0 Tw
(P)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 162.9159 388.6002 Tm
(REPARED)Tj
8 0 0 8 197.9079 388.6002 Tm
(S)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 202.9478 388.6002 Tm
[(TATEMENT)-412.5(OF)]TJ
8 0 0 8 255.4022 388.6002 Tm
(H)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 262.066 388.6002 Tm
(ON)Tj
8 0 0 8 272.2613 388.6002 Tm
0.0525 Tw
(. O)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 283.3531 388.6002 Tm
0 Tw
(LYMPIA)Tj
8 0 0 8 312.3035 388.6002 Tm
0.0525 Tw
(J. S)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 326.6593 388.6002 Tm
0 Tw
(NOWE)Tj
8 0 0 8 347.7536 388.6002 Tm
0.0525 Tw
(, U.S. S)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 376.3132 388.6002 Tm
0 Tw
[(ENATOR)-412.5(FROM)]TJ
8 0 0 8 429.83 388.6002 Tm
(M)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 437.3819 388.6002 Tm
(AINE)Tj
8 0 0 8 454.4443 388.6002 Tm
( )Tj
-37.4305 -1.6375 TD
0.1225 Tw
(Thank you, Madam Chair, for calling this hearing today to delve into the incred-)Tj
-1 -1.0125 TD
0.2075 Tw
(ibly vital role the oceans play in our Nations economy. It is appropriate that we )Tj
T*
0.1275 Tw
(have taken the opportunity presented by Capitol Hill Oceans Week to convene this )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(in-depth discussion. )Tj
1 -1.0125 TD
0.0725 Tw
(I am pleased to welcome this esteemed panel of witnesses here today to delve into )Tj
-1 -1.0125 TD
0.2025 Tw
(these issues and update us on developments in their respective fields. Today, the )Tj
0 -1 TD
0.185 Tw
(worlds oceans face numerous threats to their productivity and viability, including )Tj
T*
0.085 Tw
(the looming threat of climate change. So, we must take stock of our ocean resources )Tj
T*
0.1125 Tw
(and examine the ways we can continue to utilize the goods and services our oceans )Tj
T*
0.09 Tw
(provide while simultaneously redoubling our efforts to ensure that we are using our )Tj
T*
0.16 Tw
(oceans sustainably, and also protecting them from the inevitable damage that will )Tj
T*
0.1775 Tw
(occur as a result of global climate change. Dr. Kildow, Ms. Cousteau, Dr. Fenical, )Tj
T*
0.1175 Tw
(Mr. Warren, Mr. Babb-Brott, and Dr. Kempton, I thank you all for taking the time )Tj
T*
0.22 Tw
(to be here today to discuss relevant developments in your fields of expertise and )Tj
T*
0.2025 Tw
(help inform the policies we will develop in this Committee in the coming months )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(and years. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.2325 Tw
(Eons ago, the oceans began carving bays, inlets, and islands to form the more )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.15 Tw
(than 5,500 miles of shoreline in my home state of Maine, which continue to shape )Tj
T*
0.1375 Tw
(our culture and economy as they have defined our heritage. From the first settlers )Tj
T*
0.1025 Tw
(who hauled their food from the bounty of the Gulf of Maine to the proud ships that )Tj
T*
0.095 Tw
(have been built at Bath Iron Works since 1888, to todays efforts to develop and de-)Tj
T*
0.2125 Tw
(ploy offshore renewable energy technology that can help wean our state from de-)Tj
T*
0.3475 Tw
(pendence on fossil fuels and foreign oil, the oceans have been the lifeblood of )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(Maines economy. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.0725 Tw
(In 2007, Maines fishermen landed over 180 million pounds of fish valued at near-)Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.07 Tw
(ly $350 million. Still, this represented a precipitous decline from the industrys peak )Tj
T*
0.065 Tw
(in the early 1990s, particularly in the groundfish industrycod, haddock, and floun-)Tj
T*
0.205 Tw
(der. Until the last few years, Maines fishermen made their living pursuing a di-)Tj
T*
0.1375 Tw
(verse number of species including groundfish, shrimp, lobster, scallops, and others. )Tj
T*
0.1675 Tw
(Yet increasingly, our fishermen have been dependent on a single species. In 2007, )Tj
T*
0.0575 Tw
(over 80 percent of the value of Maines catch came from lobster. This kind of consoli-)Tj
T*
0.1525 Tw
(dation is extremely perilous for our coastal communities which rely heavily on the )Tj
T*
0.0575 Tw
(fishing industry and its affiliated businesses to survive. Which is why I have worked )Tj
T*
0.2625 Tw
(diligently with the National Marine Fisheries Service to implement a new regu-)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm
1 g
0 Tw
[(VerDate Nov 24 2008 )-1076.9(09:02 Jul 16, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 050769)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00008)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6621)-1076.9(S:\\WPSHR\\GPO\\DOCS\\50769.TXT)-1076.9(SCOM1)-1076.9(PsN: JACKIE)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
33 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/F1 4 0 R
/F5 8 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
35 0 obj
<<
/Length 5998
>>
stream
BT
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 303.22 661 Tm
0 g
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
(5 )Tj
8 0 0 8 147 643 Tm
0.1175 Tw
(latory structure in the groundfish industry that promises to make our fishery more )Tj
0 -1.025 TD
0.0525 Tw
(profitable today and more sustainable for future generations. )Tj
1 -1.025 TD
0.175 Tw
(Meanwhile, additional uses of ocean space are emerging that can contribute not )Tj
-1 -1.025 TD
0.14 Tw
(just to our economy, but to the future of our energy generation and climate policy. )Tj
T*
0.1375 Tw
(Just last Friday, I joined Governor Baldacci and my colleague Senator Collins in a )Tj
T*
0.0575 Tw
(meeting with the Secretary of Energy to express our support for establishing a deep-)Tj
T*
0.205 Tw
(water offshore wind energy research and development center at the University of )Tj
T*
0.08 Tw
(Maine. Today, the average Maine family spends 20 percent of their household budg-)Tj
T*
0.13 Tw
(et on energy costs, a figure projected to grow to 40 percent within 10 years. Mean-)Tj
T*
0.2025 Tw
(while, off the coasts of just the Lower 48 states, we have wind resources capable )Tj
T*
0.1825 Tw
(of producing enough energy to exceed our Nations total energy demand. And just )Tj
T*
0.2025 Tw
(off the coast of Maine lies wind resources that can generate energy equivalent to )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(approximately forty nuclear power plants. )Tj
1 -1.025 TD
0.1575 Tw
(Technology is currently available to harness the winds in shallow water, but we )Tj
-1 -1.025 TD
0.19 Tw
(must push that envelope. Developing deepwater offshore wind technology, capable )Tj
T*
0.2 Tw
(of operating further from our coasts where the winds are stronger and more con-)Tj
T*
0.2225 Tw
(sistent, can help reform energy generation in Maine, throughout the Nation, and )Tj
T*
0.08 Tw
(across the globe. Maine is uniquely positioned to be a leader in this effortwith the )Tj
T*
0.145 Tw
(research capabilities already in place at the University of Maine in Orono, oceano-)Tj
T*
0.075 Tw
(graphic conditions in our state waters with excellent wind resources and water deep )Tj
T*
0.1675 Tw
(enough to deploy floating turbines near shore in state waters, and legislation now )Tj
T*
0.2275 Tw
(in placesigned into law just last weekfacilitating the testing of offshore wind )Tj
T*
0.195 Tw
(turbines. Here we have an industry with the potential to bring tens of billions of )Tj
T*
0.09 Tw
(dollars in investments and thousands of jobs to our state and the Nation, the result )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(of which would be a clean energy future for future generations. )Tj
1 -1.025 TD
0.1325 Tw
(Once more, I thank our panel of witnesses for their efforts to be here today, and )Tj
-1 -1.025 TD
0.315 Tw
(I look forward to an enlightening discussion. Without stealing too much of Dr. )Tj
T*
0.1775 Tw
(Kildows thunder, I want to reference one statistic that clearly stood out to me in )Tj
T*
0.215 Tw
(a 2009 report she co-authored with Dr. Charles Colgan, Chair of the Community )Tj
T*
0.135 Tw
(Planning and Development Program at the University of Southern Maines Muskie )Tj
T*
0.2075 Tw
(School of Public Service. Their report focuses on the state of the U.S. Ocean and )Tj
T*
0.2375 Tw
(Coastal Economies, and found that coastal countiesjust eighteen percent of the )Tj
T*
0.14 Tw
(U.S. land areacontributed forty-two percent of the U.S. economic output in 2007. )Tj
T*
0.0875 Tw
(As these findings make clear, our oceans truly hold the key to the future of our Na-)Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(tions economy. )Tj
1 -1.025 TD
0.1325 Tw
(I regret that prior conflicts dictate that I will not be able to remain with you for )Tj
-1 -1.025 TD
0.14 Tw
(the entirety of this vital discussion, but I will have several questions which I hope )Tj
T*
0.125 Tw
(our witnesses will be able to answer for me in writing to be included in the formal )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(record of these proceedings. Thank you, Madam Chair. )Tj
10 0 0 10 157 313.2 Tm
0.192 Tw
(Senator C)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 205.2193 313.2 Tm
0 Tw
(ANTWELL)Tj
10 0 0 10 247.1467 313.2 Tm
0.192 Tw
(. Thank you, Senator Snowe. And thank you )Tj
-10.0147 -1.02 TD
0.052 Tw
(for that passion. )Tj
1 -1.02 TD
0.162 Tw
(Senator Martinez, would youSenator Martinez, do you care to )Tj
-1 -1.01 TD
0.052 Tw
(make an opening statement? )Tj
1 -1.01 TD
(Senator M)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 206.0392 272.5999 Tm
0 Tw
(ARTINEZ)Tj
10 0 0 10 243.3667 272.5999 Tm
0.052 Tw
(. No, thank you very much. )Tj
-8.6367 -1.01 TD
(Senator C)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 203.8193 262.4999 Tm
0 Tw
(ANTWELL)Tj
10 0 0 10 245.7466 262.4999 Tm
0.052 Tw
(. Well, thank you. )Tj
-8.8747 -1.01 TD
0.164 Tw
(We will now turn to our witnesses. And again, I want to thank )Tj
-1 -1.01 TD
0.13 Tw
(them for being here today and for their expertise in this area. Let )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(me just briefly introduce them. )Tj
1 -1.01 TD
0.186 Tw
(Dr. Judith Kildow, who is a social scientist and Director of the )Tj
-1 -1.01 TD
0.476 Tw
(National Ocean Economics Program. Ms. Alexandra Cousteau, )Tj
T*
0.17 Tw
(Founder and President of the Blue Legacy International. Dr. Wil-)Tj
T*
0.2 Tw
(liam Fenical, Director of the Center of Marine Biotechnology and )Tj
T*
0.196 Tw
(Biomedicine of the Scripps Institute of Oceanography at the Uni-)Tj
T*
0.202 Tw
(versity of California. Mr. Brad Warren, Director of Ocean Health )Tj
T*
0.246 Tw
(and Sustainable Fisheries Partnership, the Sustainable Fisheries )Tj
T*
0.286 Tw
(Partnership in Seattle, Washington. Welcome. Mr. Deerin Babb- )Tj
T*
0.294 Tw
(Brott, Assistant Secretary of Oceans and Coastal Zone Manage-)Tj
T*
0.222 Tw
(ment, the Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs, )Tj
T*
0.092 Tw
(the State of Massachusetts, and Dr. Willett M. Kempton, Associate )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(Professor for Marine Policy at the University of Delaware. )Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm
1 g
0 Tw
[(VerDate Nov 24 2008 )-1076.9(09:02 Jul 16, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 050769)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00009)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(S:\\WPSHR\\GPO\\DOCS\\50769.TXT)-1076.9(SCOM1)-1076.9(PsN: JACKIE)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
36 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/F1 4 0 R
/F5 8 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
38 0 obj
<<
/Length 4552
>>
stream
BT
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 303.22 661 Tm
0 g
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
(6 )Tj
-14.622 -2 TD
0.112 Tw
(So welcome to all of you. Thank you for participating in this im-)Tj
-1 -1.02 TD
0.052 Tw
(portant hearing. )Tj
1 -1.01 TD
(And we will start with you, Dr. Kildow. )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 171.8 600.5 Tm
0.0422 Tw
(STATEMENT OF JUDITH T. KILDOW P)Tj
7.2 0 0 6.9489 359.5609 600.5 Tm
0 Tw
(H)Tj
9 0 0 9 365.825 600.5 Tm
0.0422 Tw
(.D., DIRECTOR, )Tj
-18.4228 -1.2 TD
(NATIONAL OCEAN ECONOMICS PROGRAM )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 157 575.6 Tm
0.17 Tw
(Dr. K)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 184.2596 575.6 Tm
0 Tw
(ILDOW)Tj
10 0 0 10 213.1472 575.6 Tm
0.17 Tw
(. Good morning, Chair Cantwell and Senator Snowe )Tj
-6.6147 -1.01 TD
0.052 Tw
(and members of the Committee. )Tj
1 -1.01 TD
0.23 Tw
(My name is Judith Kildow, and I am Director of the National )Tj
-1 -1.01 TD
0.052 Tw
(Ocean Economics Program. )Tj
1 -1.01 TD
0.218 Tw
(I want to thank you for inviting me to speak today, and I am )Tj
-1 -1.01 TD
0.132 Tw
(here to summarize our new report, as you have referred to it, and )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(would like to make three points in my testimony. )Tj
1 -1.01 TD
0.348 Tw
(First, that jobs and businesses generated by the coastal and )Tj
-1 -1.01 TD
0.084 Tw
(ocean economies are the very foundations of the U.S. economy. The )Tj
T*
0.278 Tw
(ocean and coastal economies are no longer a subset of the U.S. )Tj
T*
0.256 Tw
(economy. They really are the U.S. economy. Second, coastal and )Tj
T*
0.26 Tw
(ocean economies will power the Nations economic recovery. And )Tj
T*
0.1 Tw
(third, the deleterious effects of climate change will adversely affect )Tj
T*
0.07 Tw
(the continuing growth of these important economies unless we take )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(action to curb greenhouse gases soon. )Tj
1 -1.01 TD
0.204 Tw
(So the National Ocean Economics Program began 10 years ago )Tj
-1 -1.01 TD
0.17 Tw
(with an idea that a value could be placed on a portion of the na-)Tj
T*
0.26 Tw
(tional economy that was linked to our coasts and coastal ocean. )Tj
T*
0.07 Tw
(And you have seen the reports of the compilation of our data in the )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(report that you referred to. )Tj
1 -1.01 TD
0.118 Tw
(But before beginning, I want to say two things about the report. )Tj
-1 -1.01 TD
0.098 Tw
(First, to clarify what I will report on is that the coastalwe meas-)Tj
T*
0.428 Tw
(ured two economies. First, we measured the coastal economy, )Tj
T*
0.184 Tw
(meaning all economic activity generated on land near the oceans, )Tj
T*
0.208 Tw
(and then the ocean economy, meaning the economy generated by )Tj
T*
0.114 Tw
(activities that depend on using the ocean and its resources. One is )Tj
T*
0.124 Tw
(geography-based, the coastal economy. The other one is industrial- )Tj
T*
0.064 Tw
(based, based on those industries that must have and use the ocean. )Tj
1 -1.01 TD
0.288 Tw
(My report also comes with a caveat. It underreports by a lot )Tj
-1 -1.01 TD
0.15 Tw
(what the ocean economy is worth. It does not include a lot of sec-)Tj
T*
0.246 Tw
(tors, such as pharmaceuticals that you will hear about today. It )Tj
T*
0.23 Tw
(doesnt include real estate, which is a huge part of the financial )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(sector. And it does not include research and development. )Tj
1 -1.01 TD
0.112 Tw
(These are categories that are not easily threaded out of the U.S. )Tj
-1 -1.01 TD
0.21 Tw
(accounts from which we drew our data. So this is yet to come. I )Tj
T*
0.066 Tw
(say this so that you will understand that the numbers that I report )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(today are very underreported. )Tj
1 -1.01 TD
0.312 Tw
(But we did put together a report based on living marine re-)Tj
-1 -1.01 TD
0.214 Tw
(sources, marine transportation, marine construction, coastal tour-)Tj
T*
0.082 Tw
(ism and recreation, ship and boat building and repair, and offshore )Tj
T*
0 Tw
(minerals. )Tj
1 -1.01 TD
0.22 Tw
(Now, how big is the impact of the coast and ocean economies? )Tj
-1 -1.01 TD
0.126 Tw
(Well, Senators Cantwell and Snowe have really reported the num-)Tj
T*
0.116 Tw
(bers from our report. So I wont repeat what they have said. I will )Tj
T*
0.178 Tw
(just summarize by saying that four out of five people who live in )Tj
T*
0.148 Tw
(this country live along our coasts and generate more than 80 per-)Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(cent of the U.S. economy. )Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm
1 g
0 Tw
[(VerDate Nov 24 2008 )-1076.9(09:02 Jul 16, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 050769)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00010)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(S:\\WPSHR\\GPO\\DOCS\\50769.TXT)-1076.9(SCOM1)-1076.9(PsN: JACKIE)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
39 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/F1 4 0 R
/F5 8 0 R
/F7 24 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
41 0 obj
<<
/Length 4550
>>
stream
BT
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 303.22 661 Tm
0 g
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
(7 )Tj
-14.622 -2 TD
0.198 Tw
(This speaks volumes, and they also represent about 80 percent )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.178 Tw
(of the jobs. The coast is the U.S. economy, and the coastal states )Tj
T*
0.1 Tw
(are, and we cant deny this. If we look at the small band along the )Tj
T*
0.16 Tw
(coast, what the impact is, this small band of shore-adjacent coun-)Tj
T*
0.132 Tw
(ties, which represents only a small portion of our country, we find )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(that it represents more than half of the GDP for this country. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.098 Tw
(This tiny, little band of coastal shore-adjacent counties represent )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.196 Tw
(almost 50 percent or more than 50 percent of our gross domestic )Tj
T*
0.108 Tw
(product and equal amount of jobs and population. So we really are )Tj
T*
0.054 Tw
(talking about a mega-economy that has really been either neglected )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(or avoided in discussions about economic recovery. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.132 Tw
(The other part that I want to report is that our fisheries, which )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.164 Tw
(I know are important to you, the value of U.S.-caught fisheries is )Tj
T*
0.136 Tw
(one-half of the value of imported fisheries into this country, some-)Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(thing that would have been inconceivable years ago. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.08 Tw
(And finally, I would like to say that we looked at nonmarket val-)Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.23 Tw
(ues. These are extremely important. They go unreported most of )Tj
T*
0.256 Tw
(the time, but it is the value of our recreational and natural re-)Tj
T*
0.496 Tw
(source assets along the coastestuaries, watersheds, beaches. )Tj
T*
0.07 Tw
(These are worth hundreds of billions of dollars. We have studies on )Tj
T*
0.246 Tw
(our website that describe these values and describe how experts )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(have derived them. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.076 Tw
(But this is a part of our economy we cannot ignore. It is the very )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.21 Tw
(foundation upon which the market economy is based, and it rep-)Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(resents a huge savings. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.184 Tw
(So the next question I want to refer to is what role the oceans )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.278 Tw
(and coastal economies have on the economic recovery. While all )Tj
T*
0.224 Tw
(sectors of the coast and ocean economies are in decline now and )Tj
T*
0.148 Tw
(will continue to shrink for the next few years, we should not mis-)Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(construe this as eliminating pressures on our coastal resources. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.132 Tw
(In fact, this economy will rebound, and it will rebound stronger, )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.164 Tw
(and it will grow essentially across the board. And when this hap-)Tj
T*
0.136 Tw
(pens, we have to be mindful that we definitely conserve and man-)Tj
T*
0.062 Tw
(age our resources so that we can make sure that we have a healthy )Tj
T*
0 Tw
(economy. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.196 Tw
(Shipbuilding, marine construction, and other of the sectors will )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.22 Tw
(grow. They will actually stabilize the recovery. These are sectors )Tj
T*
0.114 Tw
(that have fiscal and cyclical characteristics that will make the Na-)Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(tions economy strong. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.232 Tw
(Finally, how will climate change impact these economies? This )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.19 Tw
(question probably presents the greatest challenge of all, unimagi-)Tj
T*
0.178 Tw
(nable in years ahead. The significant environmental changes that )Tj
T*
0.202 Tw
(we know that are underway that you just mentioned of sea tem-)Tj
T*
0.124 Tw
(perature rise and ocean acidification, et cetera, will affect our food )Tj
T*
0.226 Tw
(supplies, the very air we breathe, and our water supplies at the )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(very least. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.26 Tw
(The landscape along the coast will definitely shift and change )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.234 Tw
(due to inundation and sea level rise. And shoreline communities )Tj
T*
0.092 Tw
(that host these industries that are the foundation of the U.S. econ-)Tj
T*
0.294 Tw
(omy are going to have huge challenges in how to sustain their )Tj
T*
0 Tw
(economies. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.204 Tw
(The offshore industrial expansion and environmental protection )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.076 Tw
(efforts from new energy and food demands from water delivery and )Tj
T*
0.28 Tw
(housing pressures, plus responses to environmental threats, will )Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm
1 g
0 Tw
[(VerDate Nov 24 2008 )-1076.9(09:02 Jul 16, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 050769)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00011)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(S:\\WPSHR\\GPO\\DOCS\\50769.TXT)-1076.9(SCOM1)-1076.9(PsN: JACKIE)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
42 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/F1 4 0 R
/F5 8 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
46 0 obj
<<
/Length 6358
>>
stream
BT
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 303.22 661 Tm
0 g
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
(8 )Tj
-15.622 -2 TD
0.212 Tw
(require creative management schemes akin to what coastal man-)Tj
0 -0.99 TD
0.052 Tw
(agement strategies were since the early 1970s. )Tj
1 -0.99 TD
0.15 Tw
(We project on our team that over the next 30 years, the Nation )Tj
-1 -0.99 TD
0.348 Tw
(will see the most significant changes in the ocean and coastal )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(economies since the arrival of industrialization and urbanization. )Tj
1 -0.99 TD
0.054 Tw
(I hope you have found my summary useful and will take the time )Tj
-1 -0.99 TD
0.216 Tw
(to read the full report that is found on our website and that we )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(have distributed to your members today. )Tj
1 -0.99 TD
0.054 Tw
(One final note. Unfortunately, there are no funds to continue this )Tj
-1 -0.99 TD
0.124 Tw
(work, so that this may be the only report of its kind. While every-)Tj
T*
0.07 Tw
(one seems to want this information, no one seems to want to invest )Tj
0 -1 TD
0.052 Tw
(in collecting it. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.116 Tw
(So I suggest that the Federal Governmentthat it is imperative )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.158 Tw
(that the Federal Government keep a set of oceans accounts some-)Tj
T*
0.276 Tw
(how. Why? Because the oceans are too important to the United )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(States economy to be overlooked. )Tj
1 -1 TD
(I thank you for your time and interest. )Tj
T*
([The prepared statement of Dr. Kildow follows:] )Tj
8 0 0 8 188.76 452 Tm
0 Tw
(P)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 194.0959 452 Tm
(REPARED)Tj
8 0 0 8 229.0879 452 Tm
(S)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 234.1278 452 Tm
[(TATEMENT)-412.5(OF)]TJ
8 0 0 8 286.5822 452 Tm
(J)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 291.0301 452 Tm
(UDITH)Tj
8 0 0 8 316.0701 452 Tm
0.0525 Tw
(T. K)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 332.4978 452 Tm
0 Tw
(ILDOW)Tj
8 0 0 8 358.2482 452 Tm
(P)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 363.5841 452 Tm
(H)Tj
8 0 0 8 368.9153 452 Tm
0.0525 Tw
(.D., D)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 390.679 452 Tm
0 Tw
(IRECTOR)Tj
8 0 0 8 421.015 452 Tm
(, )Tj
-23.6519 -1 TD
(N)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 238.3199 444 Tm
(ATIONAL)Tj
8 0 0 8 271.5391 444 Tm
(O)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 277.763 444 Tm
(CEAN)Tj
8 0 0 8 299.4814 444 Tm
(E)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 305.2573 444 Tm
(CONOMICS)Tj
8 0 0 8 344.9916 444 Tm
(P)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 350.3275 444 Tm
(ROGRAM)Tj
8 0 0 8 380.1899 444 Tm
( )Tj
-28.1487 -1.625 TD
0.0525 Tw
(Good morning Chairman Cantwell and Members of the Committee. )Tj
0 -1 TD
0.1325 Tw
(My name is Judith Tegger Kildow and I am Director of the National Ocean Eco-)Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.0525 Tw
(nomics Program. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.06 Tw
(I am here today to summarize a major report: State of the U.S. Ocean and Coast-)Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.0975 Tw
(al Economies just released by my research team from the National Ocean Econom-)Tj
T*
0.1875 Tw
(ics Program \(NOEP\) to kick off Capitol Hill Ocean Week. Let me first give you a )Tj
T*
0.085 Tw
(bit of background about me and this report, and then provide you with the informa-)Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(tion I know you await. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.1475 Tw
(When I had the idea, 10 years ago, that a value could be placed on that portion )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.2225 Tw
(of the national economy that was linked to our coasts and coastal oceans, they )Tj
T*
0.1375 Tw
(thought I was crazy. This was especially true at the university where I was a pro-)Tj
T*
0.195 Tw
(fessorMIT. They had good reason to think that. I was in the ocean engineering )Tj
T*
0.2025 Tw
(department, not the economics department. And I wasnt an economist; my Ph.D. )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(is in international Science Policy. But there was good reason to pursue my idea: )Tj
/F6 1 Tf
1 -1 TD
0.08 Tw
(In 1983, the U.S. acquired an exclusive economic zone offshore of more than 4 mil-)Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.0725 Tw
(lion square miles that more than doubled U.S. territory; yet its value has barely been )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(estimated until now, and its management is currently under intense discussions. )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1 -1 TD
0.115 Tw
(I had the notion that I could identify all of the segments of the economy that de-)Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.0975 Tw
(pend upon a location near or on the ocean. I thought I could parse out what fishing )Tj
T*
0.1075 Tw
(really brings to the American economics menu. And marine transportation. Drilling )Tj
T*
0.165 Tw
(for oil. Building ships. I thought I could even figure out the value of a day at the )Tj
T*
0 Tw
(beach! )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.0525 Tw
(I assembled an advisory board of world-class economists and other experts, includ-)Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.15 Tw
(ing a Nobel laureate. Despite my doubters, I persisted, left MIT, and began a dec-)Tj
T*
0.25 Tw
(ade-long odyssey that would take the NOEP to the University of Southern Cali-)Tj
T*
0.2025 Tw
(fornia, the University of Vermont, California State University Monterey Bay, and )Tj
T*
0.2075 Tw
(the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. Basically, what I was doing was )Tj
T*
0.1425 Tw
(carrying a tin cup to any place interested in my ideas that might host me and my )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(program and pony up a bit of money to finance the study. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.12 Tw
(In the beginning I attracted interest from NOAA, which provided partial funding )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.115 Tw
(throughout much of the 10 years, especially the Coastal Services Center. And early )Tj
T*
(on, I hooked up with Dr. Charles Colgan, a professor at the University of Southern )Tj
T*
0.14 Tw
(Maine, who had the intellectual skills, and the grit and persistence, to fly down to )Tj
T*
0.2325 Tw
(Washington on a regular basis and immerse himself in the arcane national data )Tj
T*
0.1875 Tw
(bases that provide the details of the comprehensive report that we have just con-)Tj
T*
0 Tw
(cluded. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.13 Tw
(This was literally grunt work, especially for an academic like Charlie. But he la-)Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.145 Tw
(bored in the trenches, gathering information compiled over many years using com-)Tj
T*
0.15 Tw
(plex formulas that could separate ocean from non-ocean-related activities in a way )Tj
T*
0.0575 Tw
(that didnt violate disclosure rules, so that we would have a comprehensive database )Tj
T*
0.1625 Tw
(that embraced the entirety of two distinct, but overlapping, economies: the coastal )Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm
1 g
0 Tw
[(VerDate Nov 24 2008 )-1076.9(09:02 Jul 16, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 050769)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00012)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6621)-1076.9(S:\\WPSHR\\GPO\\DOCS\\50769.TXT)-1076.9(SCOM1)-1076.9(PsN: JACKIE)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
47 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/F1 4 0 R
/F5 8 0 R
/F6 14 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
49 0 obj
<<
/Length 6780
>>
stream
BT
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 303.22 661 Tm
0 g
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
(9 )Tj
8 0 0 8 147 643 Tm
0.1075 Tw
(economy, meaning all economic activity generated on the land near the oceans; and )Tj
0 -1.025 TD
0.2275 Tw
(the ocean economy, meaning the economy generated by activities that depend on )Tj
T*
0.15 Tw
(using the ocean and its resources. It can get confusing because the ocean economy )Tj
T*
(and coastal economy are not the same, yet do overlap, so you cannot add them up )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(to get a single number that represents the size of these two economies. )Tj
1 -1.025 TD
0.1175 Tw
(But size is important here. The coastal economy alonethat is, the counties that )Tj
-1 -1.025 TD
0.265 Tw
(border the oceans, Gulf of Mexico, and the Great Lakestotaled $5.7 trillion in )Tj
T*
0.185 Tw
(2007, despite comprising only 18 percent of U.S. land area, and where more than )Tj
T*
0.07 Tw
(108 million people reside and hold more than 48 million jobs. More than three-quar-)Tj
T*
0.085 Tw
(ters of the growth of the entire U.S. economy has taken place in coastal states. Par-)Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(enthetically, 83 percent of U.S. GDP is in those coastal states. )Tj
1 -1.025 TD
0.1575 Tw
(The ocean economya smaller economy than the coastal economyin 2004 gen-)Tj
-1 -1.025 TD
0.2075 Tw
(erated $138 billion, approximately 1.2 percent of the U.S. GDP, and provided 2.3 )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(million jobs. This is equivalent in size to the U.S. insurance industry by employment )Tj
T*
(and the motor vehicle parts industry by GDP. )Tj
1 -1.025 TD
(I would like to make two points here that I think important: )Tj
T*
0.0975 Tw
(First, the coastal and ocean economies will power the Nations economic recovery. )Tj
0 -1.0125 TD
0.2725 Tw
(Second, the deleterious effects of climate change will adversely affect the con-)Tj
-1 -1.0125 TD
0.125 Tw
(tinuing growth of these important economies unless we taken action to curb green-)Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(house gasses soon. )Tj
1 -1.0125 TD
0.1575 Tw
(My report comes with a caveat: it under reports the true size and impact of the )Tj
-1 -1.0125 TD
0.1175 Tw
(coastal and ocean economies. This is because throughout the 10 years, we have not )Tj
T*
0.185 Tw
(been able to fully utilize the data that are gathered by the Federal Governments )Tj
T*
0.08 Tw
(North American Industrial Classification System, which is our primary source of in-)Tj
T*
0.115 Tw
(formation for market sectors. The NAICS accounts as established do not fully iden-)Tj
T*
0.105 Tw
(tify ocean-related activities. For example, data on the pharmaceutical industry does )Tj
T*
0.1275 Tw
(not categorize the significant amount of income generated by the industry from ex-)Tj
T*
0.165 Tw
(ploiting the riches of the sea to make drugs. Likewise we can only obtain data on )Tj
T*
0.125 Tw
(coastal real estate by literally gathering it by handgoing to local sources to track )Tj
T*
0.075 Tw
(transactions. If youve tried buying a house on the coast lately, youll know that this )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(is a significant omission. )Tj
1 -1.0125 TD
0.1125 Tw
(Nevertheless, we put together a report that measures the economies of these sec-)Tj
-1 -1.0125 TD
0.1925 Tw
(tors with consistency so that they are comparable across geographies and sectors: )Tj
T*
0.0575 Tw
(living marine resources, marine transportation, marine construction, coastal tourism )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(and recreation, ship and boat building and repair, and offshore minerals. )Tj
1 -1.0125 TD
(Some off-the-top findings detailed in the report about the ocean economy: )Tj
/F8 1 Tf
0 -1.5125 TD
0 Tw
()Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1.015 0 TD
0.075 Tw
(The largest and fastest growing sector of ocean economy was tourism and recre-)Tj
-0.015 -1.0125 TD
0.09 Tw
(ation with 1.7 million jobs or 75 percent of ocean economy employment and $70 )Tj
T*
0.065 Tw
(billionthats more than half of GDP; marine transportation was second largest )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(with $27.6 billion, 20 percent of the ocean economy. )Tj
/F8 1 Tf
-1 -1.2625 TD
0 Tw
()Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1.015 0 TD
0.0875 Tw
(Total U.S. offshore oil production, 28 percent of all U.S. oil production, was val-)Tj
-0.015 -1.0125 TD
0.31 Tw
(ued at )Tj
/F8 1 Tf
6.224 0 0 5.2 193.4476 305.3208 Tm
0 Tw
(>)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 196.8647 303.3 Tm
0.31 Tw
($27 billion in 2004: $3 billion in state waters, the rest in Federal )Tj
-4.2331 -1.0125 TD
0.205 Tw
(waters. It is apparent that the balance has shifted over the years and states )Tj
T*
0.1125 Tw
(are not getting nearly the revenues that the Federal Government is from these )Tj
T*
0 Tw
(operations. )Tj
/F8 1 Tf
-1 -1.2625 TD
()Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1.015 0 TD
0.1325 Tw
(Total landed value of fish caught in U.S. waters was $3.7 billion in 2004and )Tj
-0.015 -1.0125 TD
0.14 Tw
(that totals just half the value of imported fish for that same year. Not so long )Tj
T*
0.25 Tw
(ago, this would have been unimaginable. Now farmed seafood is expected to )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(make up for this loss. )Tj
-1 -1.5125 TD
0.08 Tw
(These two economies, ocean and coastal, will drive the Nations economic recovery )Tj
-1 -1.0125 TD
0.165 Tw
(in part just by sheer size, but also because of a rapidly growing non-market econ-)Tj
T*
0.1125 Tw
(omy in these regionsin short, the value of a day at the beach. When Dr. Linwood )Tj
T*
0.0925 Tw
(Pendleton, recently a professor at UCLA and now a Fellow with the Ocean Founda-)Tj
T*
0.185 Tw
(tion, joined our team, we were finally able to quantify the non-market economies, )Tj
T*
0.18 Tw
(such as recreation, the allure of scenery and the wildlife viewing. Professor Jason )Tj
T*
0.195 Tw
(Scorse from the Monterey Institute for International Studies continued this work, )Tj
T*
0.1325 Tw
(and found that values from this non-market economy exceed $100 billion annually, )Tj
T*
0.18 Tw
(and will grow. It isnt expensive for families to partake of days at the beach, and )Tj
T*
0.1175 Tw
(they flock there in increasingly greater numbers, spending money that trickles into )Tj
T*
0.255 Tw
(the local economies. You and I have come to appreciate the valuable services of )Tj
T*
0.1775 Tw
(storm buffering, pollution filtration and fishery nursery grounds provided by estu-)Tj
T*
0.2 Tw
(aries; the enormous recreational revenues generated by beaches and harbors, and )Tj
T*
0.12 Tw
(the importance of stable shorelines to protect infrastructure ranging from homes to )Tj
T*
0.155 Tw
(airports. The value of these services is not found in the marketplace, but needs to )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(be accounted for as we plan for the challenges that lie ahead. )Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm
1 g
0 Tw
[(VerDate Nov 24 2008 )-1076.9(09:02 Jul 16, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 050769)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00013)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6621)-1076.9(S:\\WPSHR\\GPO\\DOCS\\50769.TXT)-1076.9(SCOM1)-1076.9(PsN: JACKIE)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
50 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/F1 4 0 R
/F5 8 0 R
/F8 51 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
53 0 obj
<<
/Length 4774
>>
stream
BT
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm
0 g
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
(10 )Tj
8 0 0 8 155 643 Tm
0.095 Tw
(While all sectors of the coastal and ocean economies are in decline along with the )Tj
-1 -1.0375 TD
0.1825 Tw
(rest of the economy, changes over past decades have increased their contributions )Tj
T*
0.0875 Tw
(as a share of the national economy. Over the next few years, they will shrink, with-)Tj
T*
0.1375 Tw
(out doubt, causing some to think that the intense pressures on costal regions have )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(abated so there is less need to protect these resources. )Tj
1 -1.0375 TD
0.0725 Tw
(That would be a serious mistake. The economy will recover generally, and historic )Tj
-1 -1.0375 TD
0.195 Tw
(coastal pressures will resume and intensify. This will result in growth essentially )Tj
T*
0.19 Tw
(across the board. Ship building, for example, primarily for the U.S. Navy, marine )Tj
T*
0.1275 Tw
(construction, particularly for ports, and the offshore minerals industry will grow in )Tj
T*
0.065 Tw
(part because of inherent cyclical characteristics, and because of Federal fiscal policy. )Tj
1 -1.0375 TD
0.0525 Tw
(How will climate change alter the future? )Tj
T*
0.1575 Tw
(First, there will be significant environmental changes, such as sea level and sea )Tj
-1 -1.0375 TD
0.365 Tw
(temperature rise, oxygen depletion, and ocean acidification. The landscape will )Tj
T*
0.1575 Tw
(change dramatically, restructuring an array of natural and physical assets as well )Tj
T*
0.135 Tw
(as cultural and economic. In fact, our research team projects that over the next 30 )Tj
T*
0.2625 Tw
(years the Nation will see the most significant changes in the ocean and coastal )Tj
T*
0.0975 Tw
(economies since the arrival of industrialization and urbanization. Shoreline commu-)Tj
T*
0.085 Tw
(nities that host tourism, recreation, marine transportation, and marine construction )Tj
T*
0.1425 Tw
(will have to adapt to an increasingly hostile environment for both built structures, )Tj
T*
0.1675 Tw
(such as ports and harbors, and natural structures, such as beaches and estuaries. )Tj
1 -1.0375 TD
0.185 Tw
(This is the first report of its kind about the United Statesand likely the last. )Tj
-1 -1.0375 TD
0.12 Tw
(It was prepared by academics at three institutions and reviewed by experts in gov-)Tj
T*
0.1925 Tw
(ernment, academia, and nongovernmental organizations. NOEP has developed the )Tj
T*
0.1525 Tw
(most detailed ocean valuation methodology available anywhere, and it is in use as )Tj
T*
0.2075 Tw
(a core template by other nations that are publishing ocean accounts, such as the )Tj
0 -1.025 TD
0.4125 Tw
(United Kingdom, France, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, and the European )Tj
T*
0 Tw
(Union. )Tj
1 -1.025 TD
0.17 Tw
(There are no funds to continue this work so this may be the only report of this )Tj
-1 -1.025 TD
0.1625 Tw
(kind. Everyone seems to want this information, but no one wants to invest in col-)Tj
T*
0.4475 Tw
(lecting and analyzing it. The NOEP website will remain on the Internet at )Tj
/F6 1 Tf
T*
0 Tw
(www.OceanEconomics.org )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
12.5893 0 TD
0.2025 Tw
(until the end of this calendar year, and there will be a )Tj
-12.5893 -1.025 TD
0.0575 Tw
(special page for this national report, the appendices, and other supplementary mate-)Tj
T*
0.08 Tw
(rials we have prepared including a full set of coastal state summaries of their ocean )Tj
T*
0.1375 Tw
(and coastal economies. The website for these materials is found on the inside back )Tj
T*
0.1475 Tw
(cover of the report you have here today. Whether the NOEP continues, or not, the )Tj
T*
0.055 Tw
(government should keep a set of ocean accounts for many reasons, especially in light )Tj
T*
0.25 Tw
(of the changes that are underway from greenhouse gas impacts and the volatile )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(economy. The oceans are too important to the U.S. economy to be overlooked. )Tj
1 -1.025 TD
(Thank you. )Tj
ET
q
314.9416 0 0 152.5033 148.5 170.0002 cm
/Im1 Do
Q
BT
10 0 0 10 157 151.8002 Tm
0.052 Tw
(Senator C)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 203.8193 151.8002 Tm
0 Tw
(ANTWELL)Tj
10 0 0 10 245.7466 151.8002 Tm
0.052 Tw
(. Thank you, Dr. Kildow. )Tj
-8.8747 -1.02 TD
0.226 Tw
(We really do appreciate the report, and I know that you men-)Tj
-1 -1.02 TD
0.1 Tw
(tioned these statistics. But I think, in fact, that these economies of )Tj
T*
0.3 Tw
(shore-adjacent counties will be the third-largest economy in the )Tj
T*
0.218 Tw
(world after the European Union and the United States based on )Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm
1 g
0 Tw
[(VerDate Nov 24 2008 )-1076.9(09:02 Jul 16, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 050769)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00014)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(S:\\WPSHR\\GPO\\DOCS\\50769.TXT)-1076.9(SCOM1)-1076.9(PsN: JACKIE)]TJ
0 4 -4 0 593.9999 18 Tm
(609KILDO1.eps)Tj
ET
endstream
endobj
54 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB ]
/Font <<
/F1 4 0 R
/F5 8 0 R
/F6 14 0 R
>>
/XObject <<
/Im1 55 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
57 0 obj
<<
/Length 4744
>>
stream
BT
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm
0 g
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
(11 )Tj
-15.344 -2 TD
0.24 Tw
(GDP is just quite an impressive number. So thank you for your )Tj
0 -1 TD
0 Tw
(work. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.07 Tw
(Ms. Cousteau, thank you for being here with us today, and if you )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.052 Tw
(would go ahead and make your statement? )Tj
1 -1 TD
(Thank you. )Tj
T*
(Ms. C)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 184.3696 591 Tm
0 Tw
(OUSTEAU)Tj
10 0 0 10 225.5609 591 Tm
0.052 Tw
(. Thank you, Chair Cantwell. )Tj
-6.8561 -1 TD
0.142 Tw
(Senator C)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 204.7193 581 Tm
0 Tw
(ANTWELL)Tj
10 0 0 10 246.6466 581 Tm
0.142 Tw
(. You might have to pull that up close to you )Tj
-9.9647 -1 TD
0.052 Tw
(so we can )Tj
1 -1 TD
(Ms. C)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 184.3696 561 Tm
0 Tw
(OUSTEAU)Tj
10 0 0 10 225.5609 561 Tm
0.052 Tw
(. Is that better? No? )Tj
-6.8561 -1 TD
0.104 Tw
(Senator C)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 204.3393 551 Tm
0 Tw
(ANTWELL)Tj
10 0 0 10 246.2666 551 Tm
0.104 Tw
(. It will help if you get it a little closer. There )Tj
-9.9267 -1 TD
0.052 Tw
(we go. )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 163.84 524.8 Tm
0.0422 Tw
(STATEMENT OF ALEXANDRA COUSTEAU, FOUNDER AND )Tj
3.2978 -1.0889 TD
(PRESIDENT, BLUE LEGACY INTERNATIONAL )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 157 500.9999 Tm
0.134 Tw
(Ms. C)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 185.1896 500.9999 Tm
0 Tw
(OUSTEAU)Tj
10 0 0 10 226.381 500.9999 Tm
0.134 Tw
(. Before I deliver my formal comments this morn-)Tj
-7.9381 -1 TD
0.07 Tw
(ing, I want to say a very sincere thank you to Chair Cantwell, Sen-)Tj
T*
0.174 Tw
(ator Snowe, Senator Martinez, to the Members of this Committee )Tj
T*
0.124 Tw
(and their respective staff members for inviting me to be here with )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(you today and share my thoughts on this critical issue. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.062 Tw
(My grandfather spoke strongly of the importance of informed pol-)Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.32 Tw
(icy and always relished the opportunity to discuss these issues )Tj
T*
0.104 Tw
(frankly with leaders of this body. It is an honor for me to continue )Tj
T*
0.174 Tw
(that legacy here today because, for me, water and our oceans are )Tj
T*
0.062 Tw
(more than a legacy. I have dedicated my life to exploring how these )Tj
T*
0.174 Tw
(vital issues impact everyday people around the world, and I have )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(created my organization, Blue Legacy, to do just that. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.06 Tw
(I am convinced that in order to truly make a difference, it is time )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.164 Tw
(we stopped viewing ocean and water policy as freestanding issues )Tj
T*
0.338 Tw
(and realize how interconnected all environmental and economic )Tj
T*
0.236 Tw
(issues truly are. If this generation is to change things, we must )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(bring ocean policy ashore. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.212 Tw
(The ocean is the lifeblood of the Earth, covering more than 70 )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.278 Tw
(percent of the planets surface, driving weather, regulating tem-)Tj
T*
0.074 Tw
(perature, and ultimately, supporting all living organisms. Through-)Tj
T*
0.1 Tw
(out history, the ocean has been a vital source of sustenance, trans-)Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(port, commerce, growth, and inspiration. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.196 Tw
(But the decline of the oceans due to pollution, overfishing, and )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.154 Tw
(climate change is now increasingly being felt in the quality of life )Tj
T*
0.192 Tw
(of people everywhere. It is not just the coastal areas that are af-)Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(fected by these issues. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.082 Tw
(Louisianas wetlands, for example, are twice the size of the Ever-)Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.126 Tw
(glades National Park, funnel more oil into the U.S. than the Alas-)Tj
T*
0.106 Tw
(kan pipeline, sustain one of the Nations largest fisheries, and pro-)Tj
T*
0.134 Tw
(vide vital hurricane protection for New Orleans. And they are dis-)Tj
T*
0.188 Tw
(appearing under the Gulf of Mexico at the astonishing rate of 33 )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(football fields a day. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.28 Tw
(While we were in Louisiana on a recent expedition, we spent )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.162 Tw
(time with the Cajun shrimp fishermen who have been fishing the )Tj
T*
0.112 Tw
(Gulf of Mexico for five generations. The core component of the cul-)Tj
T*
0.066 Tw
(ture of coastal Louisiana is shrimping and fishing. It is not just the )Tj
T*
0.054 Tw
(way people have historically made a living. It is life. It is what they )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(do, and it is who they are. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.094 Tw
(Scott St. Pierre, a shrimp fisherman in his mid-40s told me, We )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.152 Tw
(are not American. We are Cajun. We love food. We love our fami-)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm
1 g
0 Tw
[(VerDate Nov 24 2008 )-1076.9(09:02 Jul 16, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 050769)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00015)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(S:\\WPSHR\\GPO\\DOCS\\50769.TXT)-1076.9(SCOM1)-1076.9(PsN: JACKIE)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
58 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/F1 4 0 R
/F5 8 0 R
/F7 24 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
60 0 obj
<<
/Length 4651
>>
stream
BT
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm
0 g
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
(12 )Tj
-15.344 -2 TD
0.166 Tw
(lies. We love the church, and we love to fish. They are obviously )Tj
0 -1 TD
0.098 Tw
(proud of their unique culture and the fact that they contribute sig-)Tj
T*
0.208 Tw
(nificantly to the 40 percent of U.S. seafood supplied from Louisi-)Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(anas waters. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.2 Tw
(But sadly, the Cajun way of life is gradually dying out, due to )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.054 Tw
(pressure from a number of factors that are all related to water. The )Tj
T*
0.316 Tw
(land is rapidly sinking because Louisianas wetlands have been )Tj
T*
0.198 Tw
(nearly destroyed. Hurricanes, which are growing increasingly fre-)Tj
T*
0.172 Tw
(quent and powerful due to climate change, threaten to wipe their )Tj
T*
0.14 Tw
(town off the face of the Earth. And local young people are leaving )Tj
T*
0.054 Tw
(for jobs in big cities, in part because the massive amount of agricul-)Tj
T*
0.13 Tw
(tural runoff is creating a dead zone the size of New Jersey that is )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(eradicating the Gulf of Mexicos shrimp supplies. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.166 Tw
(This story is just a single microcosm. The same story is true of )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.224 Tw
(every one of our coastal communities with their myriad of tradi-)Tj
T*
0.086 Tw
(tions and economies that are at risk. And this underscores the rea-)Tj
T*
0.142 Tw
(son why, as a Cousteau, I spend the majority of my time on land, )Tj
T*
0.226 Tw
(talking with small communities, rather than on a boat or diving )Tj
T*
0.22 Tw
(underwater. Because while the degradation of the oceans is hap-)Tj
T*
0.142 Tw
(pening out there, it is being felt right here in the homes of every-)Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(day people in this country and around the world. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.148 Tw
(If we are to take ocean policy seriously, we need to take it onto )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.082 Tw
(the land. We must start to realize that there can be no stand-alone )Tj
T*
0.214 Tw
(policies, especially as they relate to our water resources. Energy, )Tj
T*
0.278 Tw
(transportation, climate change, infrastructure, agriculture, urban )Tj
T*
0.15 Tw
(developmentthis is where our ocean policies must begin because )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(everything is interconnected. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.07 Tw
(Water is Earths great storyteller. It is the mark of sustainability )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.11 Tw
(in a culture and is where we will feel the effects of climate change )Tj
T*
0.148 Tw
(first. Unless we begin to work together to build a shared focus on )Tj
T*
0.202 Tw
(this blue planet as a single hydrosphere, we will never build the )Tj
T*
0.122 Tw
(kind of momentum it takes to leverage real and long-term change. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.052 Tw
(Thank you. )Tj
T*
(Senator C)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 203.8193 311 Tm
0 Tw
(ANTWELL)Tj
10 0 0 10 245.7466 311 Tm
0.052 Tw
(. Thank you, Ms. Cousteau. )Tj
-8.8747 -1 TD
0.372 Tw
(And thank you for your and your familys dedication to the )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.23 Tw
(oceans and the illuminating research that you have done. So we )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(appreciate you continuing in that legacy. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.176 Tw
(Dr. Fenical, welcome. Thank you very much for being here. We )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.052 Tw
(look forward to your testimony. )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 174.08 244.3999 Tm
0.0422 Tw
(STATEMENT OF WILLIAM FENICAL, DISTINGUISHED )Tj
-1.5689 -1.0778 TD
(PROFESSOR OF OCEANOGRAPHY AND PHARMACEUTICAL )Tj
1.0378 -1.1111 TD
(SCIENCE, SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY, )Tj
7.0289 -1.0778 TD
(UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 157 200.9999 Tm
0.144 Tw
(Dr. F)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 182.8896 200.9999 Tm
0 Tw
(ENICAL)Tj
10 0 0 10 215.3291 200.9999 Tm
0.144 Tw
(. Thank you very much, Senator Cantwell, Senators )Tj
-6.8329 -1 TD
0.052 Tw
(Snowe and Martinez, and members of the Congressional staff. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.21 Tw
(I am here to talk about what we havent done with the ocean, )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.18 Tw
(what remains, and the amazing economic impact that exploration )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(of the ocean can have on our economy. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.192 Tw
(This needs to be preset in the context that the American econ-)Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.094 Tw
(omy has been and is growingly more dependent upon our ability to )Tj
T*
0.184 Tw
(discover and to innovate than it is in our ability to produce. And )Tj
T*
0.122 Tw
(in that context, I want to point out that nature has provided huge )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(numbers of new products of commercial importance. )Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm
1 g
0 Tw
[(VerDate Nov 24 2008 )-1076.9(09:02 Jul 16, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 050769)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00016)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(S:\\WPSHR\\GPO\\DOCS\\50769.TXT)-1076.9(SCOM1)-1076.9(PsN: JACKIE)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
61 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/F1 4 0 R
/F5 8 0 R
/F7 24 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
63 0 obj
<<
/Length 4590
>>
stream
BT
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm
0 g
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
(13 )Tj
-14.344 -2 TD
0.27 Tw
(Four thousand years ago, humankind began to explore nature )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.106 Tw
(and to utilize products from plants and animals all throughout the )Tj
T*
0.098 Tw
(world, and this led, over the ensuing centuries, to the development )Tj
T*
0.252 Tw
(of products. You can look at any product that you have in your )Tj
T*
0.13 Tw
(medicine cabinet, in your food supplies, in your cosmetics, and see )Tj
T*
0.168 Tw
(on the label that natural products are part of these products pro-)Tj
T*
0.064 Tw
(viding really an incalculable context of economic benefit to our soci-)Tj
T*
0 Tw
(ety. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.152 Tw
(But when you think about that development, that history, what )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.204 Tw
(we realize right away is that it has only been very recently that )Tj
T*
0.21 Tw
(we have recognized the importance of the oceans. And a tremen-)Tj
T*
0.23 Tw
(dous benefit remains for us to harvest from that source. As was )Tj
T*
0.144 Tw
(said, the oceans are a huge component of our planet. They are, in )Tj
T*
0.314 Tw
(particular, a very diverse environment in the American waters, )Tj
T*
0.082 Tw
(from the Caribbean to the far South Pacific areas, and we have yet )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(to utilize these products in commercial context. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.18 Tw
(What is unique about the ocean is that when one considers ge-)Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.074 Tw
(netic diversity, 44 of the 46 basic phyla, basic divisions of life, exist )Tj
T*
0.268 Tw
(in the ocean, whereas, only 17 of these basic divisions occur on )Tj
T*
0.098 Tw
(land. And so, to be accurate, we should have started to explore the )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(ocean first. Why are we looking at our terrestrial life? )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.214 Tw
(Well, this is natural because we are terrestrial beings, and we )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.09 Tw
(are unfamiliar with the ocean. But we are becoming more familiar. )Tj
T*
0.22 Tw
(And with technology, we are becoming able to develop studies of )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(the oceans, including the deepest parts of the ocean. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.208 Tw
(What we are talking about are natural compounds. Genetic di-)Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.06 Tw
(versity equates because of coding for the production of natural com-)Tj
T*
0.234 Tw
(pounds, and it is these same natural compounds that have been )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(used to generate great economic value. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.166 Tw
(These compounds consist of cosmetic products, as I said, but go )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.178 Tw
(way beyond that to include coloring agents, food products, and so )Tj
T*
0.236 Tw
(on. And very few of these products have, at this point, been ex-)Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(plored in the ocean. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.186 Tw
(One of the most important areas, and an area that I specialize )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.17 Tw
(in, is the development of pharmaceutical products. And this is an )Tj
T*
0.102 Tw
(area of economic benefit to the United States in excess of $290 bil-)Tj
T*
0.12 Tw
(lion per year. Forty of the top pharmaceutical products provide in-)Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(come in excess of $1 billion per year. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.066 Tw
(And so, these are enormous economic benefits. But, of course, not )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.206 Tw
(just the economic benefit, but the benefit to society is important. )Tj
T*
0.112 Tw
(In 1900, the average life span was 47 years. Now, in 2009, the av-)Tj
T*
0.07 Tw
(erage life span is 76 years. And this is a result of medical research, )Tj
T*
0.072 Tw
(education in health, but in a major way, the discovery and develop-)Tj
T*
0.16 Tw
(ment of new pharmaceutical products that treat cancer, infectious )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(diseases, diabetes, and the like. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.09 Tw
(Why havent we looked at the oceans? The oceans are a great re-)Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.188 Tw
(source, but it has been the last resource because we are conserv-)Tj
T*
0.104 Tw
(ative on developing such a vast area of resources. The oceans have )Tj
T*
0.164 Tw
(been explored recently and are beginning to be explored, and this )Tj
T*
0.126 Tw
(has resulted in the development of two marine-derived drugsone )Tj
T*
0.208 Tw
(for intense pain and the other for cancer treatment of soft-tissue )Tj
T*
0 Tw
(sarcoma. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.102 Tw
(But this is just the beginning of an enormous iceberg of develop-)Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.258 Tw
(ment and discovery that could happen in the future. Twenty-six )Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm
1 g
0 Tw
[(VerDate Nov 24 2008 )-1076.9(09:02 Jul 16, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 050769)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00017)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(S:\\WPSHR\\GPO\\DOCS\\50769.TXT)-1076.9(SCOM1)-1076.9(PsN: JACKIE)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
64 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/F1 4 0 R
/F5 8 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
66 0 obj
<<
/Length 6613
>>
stream
BT
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm
0 g
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
(14 )Tj
-15.344 -2 TD
0.058 Tw
(drugs derived from marine life are being developed. Currently, they )Tj
0 -1.03 TD
0.146 Tw
(are in human clinical trials. And as time passes, of course, we in-)Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(tend to increase that number significantly. )Tj
1 -1.03 TD
0.402 Tw
(What are our challenges? Of course, the challenge is global )Tj
-1 -1.03 TD
0.378 Tw
(warming, seawater temperature increase, and this is providing )Tj
T*
0.082 Tw
(extinctions, mass migrations of plants and animals to new environ-)Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(ments, and the like. )Tj
1 -1.03 TD
0.146 Tw
(Last, I think that the oceans and human health legislation that )Tj
-1 -1.03 TD
0.114 Tw
(we are looking at now is an opportunity to change the situation in )Tj
T*
0.176 Tw
(a very positive way to bring a focus on the health benefits of the )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(ocean and develop new products and resources. )Tj
1 -1.03 TD
(Thank you very much. )Tj
T*
([The prepared statement of Dr. Fenical follows:] )Tj
8 0 0 8 147 497.0999 Tm
0 Tw
(P)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 152.3359 497.0999 Tm
(REPARED)Tj
8 0 0 8 192.5079 497.0999 Tm
(S)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 197.5478 497.0999 Tm
[(TATEMENT)-1221.9(OF)]TJ
8 0 0 8 260.3622 497.0999 Tm
(W)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 268.2101 497.0999 Tm
(ILLIAM)Tj
8 0 0 8 300.4396 497.0999 Tm
(F)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 305.7755 497.0999 Tm
(ENICAL)Tj
8 0 0 8 331.7275 497.0999 Tm
0.7 Tw
(, D)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 347.9994 497.0999 Tm
0 Tw
(ISTINGUISHED)Tj
8 0 0 8 406.3089 497.0999 Tm
(P)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 411.6449 497.0999 Tm
[(ROFESSOR)-1221.9(OF)]TJ
8 0 0 8 464.8665 497.0999 Tm
( )Tj
-38.7333 -1.0375 TD
(O)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 161.2239 488.8 Tm
[(CEANOGRAPHY)-1378.1(AND)]TJ
8 0 0 8 246.0638 488.8 Tm
(P)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 251.3997 488.8 Tm
(HARMACEUTICAL)Tj
8 0 0 8 320.2965 488.8 Tm
(S)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 325.3364 488.8 Tm
(CIENCE)Tj
8 0 0 8 351.6404 488.8 Tm
0.825 Tw
(, S)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 367.7283 488.8 Tm
0 Tw
(CRIPPS)Tj
8 0 0 8 400.9642 488.8 Tm
(I)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 404.2202 488.8 Tm
[(NSTITUTION)-1378.1(OF)]TJ
8 0 0 8 464.9634 488.8 Tm
( )Tj
-38.7454 -1.0375 TD
(O)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 161.2239 480.4999 Tm
(CEANOGRAPHY)Tj
8 0 0 8 213.6078 480.4999 Tm
0.0525 Tw
(, U)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 224.9957 480.4999 Tm
0 Tw
[(NIVERSITY)-412.5(OF)]TJ
8 0 0 8 276.618 480.4999 Tm
(C)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 282.394 480.4999 Tm
(ALIFORNIA)Tj
8 0 0 8 320.1987 480.4999 Tm
( )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
-21.6498 -1.6625 TD
(Introduction )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1 -1.2875 TD
0.13 Tw
(Scientific and technological discovery and development, more than ever before, is )Tj
-1 -1.0375 TD
0.3075 Tw
(perhaps the most important foundation of the economy of the United States of )Tj
0 -1.025 TD
0.0875 Tw
(America. As we enter the decades to come, it is crucial that the U.S. lead in )Tj
/F6 1 Tf
36.4415 0 TD
0 Tw
(marine )Tj
-36.4415 -1.025 TD
0.1775 Tw
(biological research )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
9.2029 0 TD
(providing for the creation of new industries based upon discov-)Tj
-9.2029 -1.025 TD
0.0525 Tw
(eries made from the ocean. )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
0 -1.525 TD
0.045 Tw
(The Oceans as Our Great Resource )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1 -1.275 TD
0.1475 Tw
(The worlds oceans occupy more than 70 percent of the surface of the Earth and )Tj
-1 -1.025 TD
0.1825 Tw
(90 percent of the volume of its crust. While this is the largest ecosystem of plant )Tj
T*
0.115 Tw
(Earth, we have only now realized that it is the most important of our biological re-)Tj
T*
0 Tw
(sources. )Tj
1 -1.025 TD
0.0675 Tw
(Biological diversity is best viewed at the phylum level, with humankind occupying )Tj
-1 -1.025 TD
0.08 Tw
(the phylum Chordata. There are 46 phyla of biodiverse life on this planet, but these )Tj
T*
0.1 Tw
(are unequally distributed between terrestrial and marine environments. On land, it )Tj
T*
0.36 Tw
(is generally agreed that 17 phyla are represented. In the ocean 44 phyla are )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(present, comprising our most diverse and complex biological community. )Tj
/F6 1 Tf
0 -1.525 TD
(Why has it taken so long to accept this reality? )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1 -1.275 TD
0.275 Tw
(As terrestrial beings, humans have classically been unable to comprehend the )Tj
-1 -1.025 TD
0.06 Tw
(scope of marine environments and the diverse biota that abound from the ocean sur-)Tj
T*
0.0925 Tw
(face to depths of greater than 13,000 meters. Humans are not adapted to life in the )Tj
T*
0.1275 Tw
(sea, hence they are less familiar with the oceans and even frightened to explore it. )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
0 -1.525 TD
0.045 Tw
(Genetic Diversity = Chemical Diversity )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1 -1.275 TD
0.1225 Tw
(Since genes are the molecular codes for new chemical compounds, it is clear that )Tj
-1 -1.025 TD
0.23 Tw
(genetic diversity leads to chemical diversity. Thus, it is easily predicted that the )Tj
T*
0.15 Tw
(oceans are our most prolific source for new chemical compounds. Sometimes called )Tj
T*
0.1275 Tw
(natural products, naturally-produced chemical compounds are the foundation of a )Tj
T*
(large diversity of industries and products, including pharmaceuticals \(50 percent of )Tj
T*
0.115 Tw
(all drug are from Nature\), cosmetic products \(most contain natural chemicals\), food )Tj
T*
0.2825 Tw
(flavorings and colorings, food additives \(thickeners, vitamins, preservatives\), bio-)Tj
T*
0.1 Tw
(materials \(polymers and biomaterials\), and a host of others. If one examines the la-)Tj
T*
0.185 Tw
(bels of virtually every consumer product we use, natural chemical compounds can )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(be readily seen. )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
0 -1.525 TD
0.045 Tw
(Values of Natural ProductsPharmaceuticals Top The List )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1 -1.275 TD
0.0575 Tw
(It is difficult to estimate the overall economic importance of natural chemical com-)Tj
-1 -1.025 TD
0.1975 Tw
(pounds, but clearly it is immense. Some of the most significant areas include the )Tj
T*
0.1525 Tw
(discovery and development of new pharmaceuticals and personal care products. As )Tj
T*
(the U.S. population ages, they rely more than ever before on medications that can )Tj
T*
0.0925 Tw
(suppress or cure human diseases. Since the invention of the automobile, human life )Tj
T*
(pan has increased from 47 years to over 75 years; much of this life extension is due )Tj
T*
0.2075 Tw
(to effective medical care which emphasizes drug treatments for cancer, heart dis-)Tj
T*
0.14 Tw
(ease, diabetes, and many other human maladies. In 2007, the U.S. pharmaceutical )Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm
1 g
0 Tw
[(VerDate Nov 24 2008 )-1076.9(09:02 Jul 16, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 050769)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00018)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6621)-1076.9(S:\\WPSHR\\GPO\\DOCS\\50769.TXT)-1076.9(SCOM1)-1076.9(PsN: JACKIE)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
67 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/F1 4 0 R
/F5 8 0 R
/F6 14 0 R
/F7 24 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
69 0 obj
<<
/Length 6962
>>
stream
BT
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm
0 g
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
(15 )Tj
ET
0 G
0 J 0 j 0.5 w 10 M []0 d
1 i
147 147.8 m
197 147.8 l
S
BT
5.446 0 0 4.55 154 140.9972 Tm
(1)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
7 0 0 7 158.168 139.1 Tm
(http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/health/20080312-drug-sales)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
35.7446 0 TD
(l)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
1 0 TD
(N.htm. )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
5.446 0 0 4.55 154 133.9972 Tm
(2)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
7 0 0 7 158.168 132.1 Tm
(http://www.drugs.com/top200.html. )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
5.446 0 0 4.55 154 126.9972 Tm
(3)Tj
7 0 0 7 158.168 125.1 Tm
0.1314 Tw
(D. Newman and G. Cragg, Chap. 12 in )Tj
/F6 1 Tf
19.1307 0 TD
(Bioactive Natural Products, Detection, Isolation and )Tj
-20.7262 -1 TD
0.0514 Tw
(Structure Determination, )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
11.9711 0 TD
(Steven M. Colegate, Russell J. Molyneux, eds., CRC Press, 2007. )Tj
5.446 0 0 4.55 154 112.9972 Tm
0 Tw
(4)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
7 0 0 7 158.168 111.1 Tm
(http://www.conncoll.edu/cca.cad/zimmer/GFP-ww/GFP1.htm. )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 147 643 Tm
0.1 Tw
(industry documented sales in excess of $286 B USD.)Tj
6.224 0 0 5.2 346.757 645.1678 Tm
0 Tw
(1)Tj
8 0 0 8 353.2377 643 Tm
0.1 Tw
(Much of this came from sales )Tj
-25.7797 -1.0375 TD
0.2975 Tw
(of blockbuster drugs such as the cholesterol-lowering drug Lipitor, which gen-)Tj
T*
0.255 Tw
(erated $7 B USD in 2007. Overall, there are more than 40 currently prescribed )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(drugs that report sales in excess of $1B USD per year.)Tj
6.224 0 0 5.2 351.6609 620.2679 Tm
0 Tw
(2)Tj
8 0 0 8 355.1216 618.1 Tm
( )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
-26.0152 -1.5375 TD
0.045 Tw
(The Impact of Pharmaceuticals on Human Life )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1 -1.2875 TD
0.3 Tw
(While the economics of pharmaceutical sales is huge, the positive benefits on )Tj
-1 -1.0375 TD
0.1775 Tw
(human health must be underscored. More than ever, difficult diseases are treated )Tj
T*
(with the latest pharmaceutical discoveries. Diseases once considered fatal, are not )Tj
T*
0.085 Tw
(treatable and often curable. )Tj
/F6 1 Tf
13.4348 0 TD
(There is no question that the discovery and development )Tj
-13.4348 -1.0375 TD
0.0525 Tw
(of new drugs is one of our most important societal goals. )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
0 -1.5375 TD
0.045 Tw
(Pharmaceutical Discovery in the Oceans )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1 -1.2875 TD
0.1825 Tw
(Considering that 50 percent of the current drugs are either of natural origin or )Tj
-1 -1.0375 TD
0.07 Tw
(fashioned from natural drugs, it is imperative that we carefully consider the sources )Tj
T*
0.1575 Tw
(we have that are undeveloped. The treatment of cancer and infectious diseases, in )Tj
T*
0.2925 Tw
(particular, rely on naturally-occurring chemical compounds \(Taxol, Penicillin are )Tj
T*
0.125 Tw
(prominent examples\) for their effective control. Because of the difficulty in treating )Tj
T*
0.3225 Tw
(complex cancers, and the growing epidemic of drug-resistant infectious diseases )Tj
T*
0.1425 Tw
(\(MRSA for example\), these diseases provide the greatest societal need for new and )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(more effective therapeutics. )Tj
/F6 1 Tf
0 -1.5375 TD
(Where will the new drugs in the next decades be derived? )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1 -1.2875 TD
0.12 Tw
(Drug discovery is a very complex process involving many effective approaches in-)Tj
-1 -1.025 TD
0.06 Tw
(cluding bioassay-guided synthesis and computer-assisted design. In the areas of can-)Tj
T*
0.2025 Tw
(cer and infectious diseases, it is generally agreed that natural drugs provide per-)Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(haps the best opportunities. )Tj
1 -1.025 TD
0.0875 Tw
(Because of the enormous biodiversity, marine environments provide the most pro-)Tj
-1 -1.025 TD
0.08 Tw
(lific sources for new, natural drugs. This has been recognized by academic scientists )Tj
T*
0.1525 Tw
(and pharmaceutical researchers, leading to two current drugs \(for cancer and pain )Tj
T*
0.075 Tw
(control\) on the market, and more than 25 additional marine-derived drugs currently )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(being evaluated in human clinical trials.)Tj
6.224 0 0 5.2 298.9057 395.568 Tm
0 Tw
(3)Tj
8 0 0 8 302.3664 393.4001 Tm
( )Tj
-18.4208 -1.025 TD
0.2 Tw
(Despite the enormous benefits, the U.S. pharmaceutical industry has been slow )Tj
-1 -1.025 TD
0.1 Tw
(to embrace marine drug discovery. This has not been the case with the smaller bio-)Tj
T*
0.075 Tw
(pharmaceutical industries \(Biotech\), which are less risk averse and can create and )Tj
T*
0.0975 Tw
(utilize new technologies in more dynamic ways. The linkages between academic sci-)Tj
T*
0.16 Tw
(entists familiar with the ocean and its biodiversity, and biotech industries capable )Tj
T*
0.15 Tw
(of development and sales, is a crucial one allowing the oceans to be explored. It is )Tj
T*
0.0575 Tw
(this aspect of science policy that should be underscored as the resources of the ocean )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(are developed. )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
0 -1.525 TD
0.045 Tw
(Secondary Benefits of Marine Drug Discovery )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1 -1.275 TD
0.08 Tw
(It is important to understand that the process of natural drug discovery has enor-)Tj
-1 -1.025 TD
0.185 Tw
(mous additional benefits to medical research. Often, new drug candidates are dis-)Tj
T*
0.27 Tw
(covered that, for numerous reasons, are recognized to be unsuitable for treating )Tj
T*
0.295 Tw
(human disease. At the same time, these agents possess unique pharmacological )Tj
T*
0.1975 Tw
(properties and affect human biochemical pathways that were previously unknown )Tj
T*
0.25 Tw
(or poorly understood. Known as molecular probes, these compounds have enor-)Tj
T*
0.06 Tw
(mous utility in medical research. One such probe, known as aqueorin or Green Fluo-)Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(rescent Protein \(GFP\), is a protein isolated from the jellyfish )Tj
/F6 1 Tf
28.7676 0 TD
(Aqueoria victoria)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
7.9954 0 TD
(. GFP, )Tj
-36.7629 -1.025 TD
0.2225 Tw
(which can be linked to drugs and other proteins, has revolutionized the study of )Tj
T*
0.325 Tw
(human cell biology. This led to the award of the 2008 Nobel Prize to Chalfie, )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(Shimomura and Tsien, for their discovery and development.)Tj
6.224 0 0 5.2 371.7286 225.5679 Tm
0 Tw
(4)Tj
8 0 0 8 375.1893 223.4001 Tm
( )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
-28.5237 -1.525 TD
0.045 Tw
(How Will Climate Change Impact Natural Drug Discovery? )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1 -1.275 TD
0.11 Tw
(The biodiversity we currently enjoy is not guaranteed as we recognize the impact )Tj
-1 -1.025 TD
0.1125 Tw
(of global climate change. Populations of marine organisms are already beginning to )Tj
T*
0.2025 Tw
(decline or to migrate to new environments. While we can measure the impact on )Tj
T*
0.1525 Tw
(macroscopic marine life, and have done so in many areas, the impact on microbial )Tj
T*
0.16 Tw
(communities, because of their more limited temperature adaptation, is likely to be )Tj
T*
0 Tw
(greater. )Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm
1 g
[(VerDate Nov 24 2008 )-1076.9(09:02 Jul 16, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 050769)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00019)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6621)-1076.9(S:\\WPSHR\\GPO\\DOCS\\50769.TXT)-1076.9(SCOM1)-1076.9(PsN: JACKIE)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
70 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/F1 4 0 R
/F5 8 0 R
/F6 14 0 R
/F7 24 0 R
/F9 71 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
73 0 obj
<<
/Length 5193
>>
stream
BT
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm
0 g
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
(16 )Tj
ET
0 G
0 J 0 j 0.5 w 10 M []0 d
1 i
147 119.8 m
197 119.8 l
S
BT
5.446 0 0 4.55 154 112.9972 Tm
(5)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
7 0 0 7 158.168 111.1 Tm
(http://www.nereuspharm.com/. )Tj
8 0 0 8 147 643 Tm
0.0525 Tw
(Why do we care? )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1 -1.275 TD
0.1475 Tw
(Microorganisms are historically the most prolific sources for new drugs. The dis-)Tj
-1 -1.025 TD
0.13 Tw
(covery of penicillin in 1929 heralded the great antibiotic era, which produced vir-)Tj
T*
0.1225 Tw
(tually all of the antibiotics we use today. Microbial antibiotics are produced by cul-)Tj
T*
0.085 Tw
(tivation of bacteria and fungi in large-scale fermentors. The oceans are a major, un-)Tj
T*
0.1125 Tw
(tapped resource for bacteria and other microorganisms. Seawater is composed of 28 )Tj
T*
0.24 Tw
(million microscopic cells per ounce. The bottom sediments, which mimic the soil, )Tj
T*
0.1675 Tw
(contain more than 1 billion cells in the volume of an ordinary cube of sugar. This )Tj
T*
0.095 Tw
(is an amazingly unique community that is distinct from its terrestrial counterparts. )Tj
T*
0.08 Tw
(Currently, at least 2 anti-cancer drugs, produced by marine microbes, are in clinical )Tj
T*
0.0825 Tw
(trials for the treatment of various forms of cancer.)Tj
6.224 0 0 5.2 337.4612 561.1678 Tm
0 Tw
(5)Tj
8 0 0 8 343.8018 558.9999 Tm
0.0825 Tw
(When one considers the medical )Tj
-24.6002 -1.0125 TD
0.135 Tw
(emergency we face with drug-resistant infectious diseases, and the fact that micro-)Tj
T*
0.1875 Tw
(organisms are the best source for new antibiotics, it is clear that marine bacteria )Tj
T*
0.065 Tw
(and fungi represent the next great source for the discovery of new antibiotics to con-)Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(trol human infectious diseases. )Tj
1 -1.0125 TD
0.18 Tw
(Recognizing the important role marine microorganism will play in the future, it )Tj
-1 -1.0125 TD
0.2225 Tw
(is disconcerting to consider the impact of global climate change on their survival )Tj
T*
0.24 Tw
(and distribution. As the temperature of seawater increases, temperature adapted )Tj
T*
0.16 Tw
(microorganisms typically illustrate stress responses. Thus, in several ways, the di-)Tj
T*
0.1475 Tw
(versity of the ocean and our ability to use this amazing resource are linked to our )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(future success in controlling global change. )Tj
10 0 0 10 157 459.9 Tm
0.052 Tw
(Senator C)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 203.8193 459.9 Tm
0 Tw
(ANTWELL)Tj
10 0 0 10 245.7466 459.9 Tm
0.052 Tw
(. Thank you, Dr. Fenical. )Tj
-8.8747 -1.01 TD
0.198 Tw
(And we look forward to asking you some questions more about )Tj
-1 -1.01 TD
0.052 Tw
(that and potential products for the future. )Tj
1 -1.01 TD
(Mr. Warren, welcome. Thank you for being here. )Tj
T*
0.152 Tw
(Obviously, part of todays discussion is the impacts that climate )Tj
-1 -1.01 TD
0.266 Tw
(change have on our oceans and on our environment. We should )Tj
T*
0.098 Tw
(note that this week, everybody has been complaining about Seattle )Tj
T*
0.154 Tw
(weather being in Washington, D.C. And I note that we have been )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(having wonderful 85-degree weather in Seattle, sunny. )Tj
1 -1.01 TD
(So, anyway, welcome to Washington, D.C. )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 225.5 348.8 Tm
0.0422 Tw
(STATEMENT OF BRAD WARREN, )Tj
-2.5289 -1.2 TD
(SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES PARTNERSHIP )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 157 323.9 Tm
0.094 Tw
(Mr. W)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 187.1895 323.9 Tm
0 Tw
(ARREN)Tj
10 0 0 10 216.8131 323.9 Tm
0.094 Tw
(. Thank you, and thank you for having this hearing. )Tj
-6.9813 -1.01 TD
0.172 Tw
(I am really pleased that people here in D.C. are paying attention )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(to the ocean. We need that. )Tj
1 -1.01 TD
0.208 Tw
(My name is Brad Warren. I run a program at the Sustainable )Tj
-1 -1.01 TD
0.4 Tw
(Fisheries Partnership dealing with ocean health. I got started )Tj
T*
0.172 Tw
(doing this because after 20, 25 years working in essentially trade )Tj
T*
0.152 Tw
(publishing in the fishing industry, I saw things coming in climate )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(change that we really had to deal with. )Tj
1 -1.01 TD
(Can you hear me? OK. )Tj
T*
0.302 Tw
(An industry like this that totally depends on ocean health is )Tj
-1 -1.01 TD
0.194 Tw
(going to have a lot to say about this, and I thought we have got )Tj
T*
0.162 Tw
(to get these guys up to speed, and we have got to get their influ-)Tj
T*
0.202 Tw
(ence at the table where they can help contribute to solutions. So )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(that is what I am doing. )Tj
1 -1.01 TD
0.172 Tw
(I am going to tell you a nutshell story that relates to what Dr. )Tj
-1 -1.01 TD
0.144 Tw
(Fenical is doing. I have a very dear friend that I have spent a lot )Tj
T*
0.122 Tw
(of time with in the hospital in the last 2, 3 months. He is fighting )Tj
T*
0.138 Tw
(a form of soft-tissue sarcoma for which one of the treatments that )Tj
T*
0.186 Tw
(people have a lot of hope for is a compound derived from sea ur-)Tj
T*
0 Tw
(chins. )Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm
1 g
[(VerDate Nov 24 2008 )-1076.9(09:02 Jul 16, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 050769)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00020)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(S:\\WPSHR\\GPO\\DOCS\\50769.TXT)-1076.9(SCOM1)-1076.9(PsN: JACKIE)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
74 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/F1 4 0 R
/F5 8 0 R
/F6 14 0 R
/F7 24 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
76 0 obj
<<
/Length 4539
>>
stream
BT
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm
0 g
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
(17 )Tj
-14.344 -2 TD
0.164 Tw
(Sea urchins are among the species most vulnerable, most likely )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.08 Tw
(to dissolve because of ocean acidification. We have an enormous re-)Tj
T*
0.29 Tw
(source here in terms of its medical value, and we may well be )Tj
T*
0.194 Tw
(throwing it away. Having said that, I will go into the rest of my )Tj
T*
0 Tw
(testimony. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.054 Tw
(What we are dealing with in terms of the dangerous rise in world )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.154 Tw
(emissions of carbon dioxide is something that has the potential to )Tj
T*
0.082 Tw
(undercut every aspiration that we have for fisheries and ocean eco-)Tj
T*
0.184 Tw
(systems. This isnt just one more problem for the ocean. It is the )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(one that sets the terms for all the others. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.13 Tw
(There are lots of efforts underway to conserve fisheries and pro-)Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.11 Tw
(tect marine habitats, but there is a good chance that none of them )Tj
T*
0.14 Tw
(will amount to much if we dont get this one right, if we dont get )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(a grip on our rising emissions of carbon. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.244 Tw
(I want to thank this committee again for recognizing that the )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.282 Tw
(ocean belongs in this discussion, that the kind of integration of )Tj
T*
(issues that Ms. Cousteau was talking about is exactly what we )Tj
T*
0.12 Tw
(need. To be clear, SFP, for which I work, is not a lobby group. We )Tj
T*
0.334 Tw
(instead help leaders in the seafood industry to understand the )Tj
T*
0.146 Tw
(issues well enough to be part of the solution to the problems they )Tj
T*
0.218 Tw
(really care about. They do the advocacy work. We are more of a )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(technical adviser. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.064 Tw
(What is at stake in getting a grip on carbon for the ocean is pret-)Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.242 Tw
(ty big. Not even getting into the economic value of the pharma-)Tj
T*
0.184 Tw
(ceuticals that are likely to come out of this ocean, we are still at )Tj
T*
0.136 Tw
(the infant stages of that, just the fish products. In the U.S. alone, )Tj
T*
0.106 Tw
(seafood generated $68.4 billion in retail sales in 2007, according to )Tj
T*
0.122 Tw
(NMFS. When you add wholesale and processing value to that, you )Tj
T*
0.314 Tw
(see 67,000 jobs there. Add food service, and the numbers soar. )Tj
T*
0.162 Tw
(There were, in 1999, the latest study I have seen from New York )Tj
T*
0.16 Tw
(on this, 70,000 full-time jobs supported by sales of seafood in res-)Tj
T*
0 Tw
(taurants. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.288 Tw
(Worldwide, marine fisheries provide the primary source of in-)Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.192 Tw
(come and food for hundreds of millions of people. FAO and other )Tj
T*
0.226 Tw
(international resource agencies estimated this year that 3 billion )Tj
T*
0.148 Tw
(people rely on the ocean for essential nutrition. About 400 million )Tj
T*
0.214 Tw
(people in poor countries get half or more of their annual protein )Tj
T*
0.198 Tw
(and minerals from seafood. About half a billion people worldwide )Tj
T*
0.374 Tw
(in developing countries earn a living from fisheries and aqua-)Tj
T*
0 Tw
(culture. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.168 Tw
(How much of this will be lost if we dont reduce emissions? We )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.224 Tw
(dont know. There arent good answers for that, but we do know )Tj
T*
0.064 Tw
(that it doesnt look good. And if we make a mistake here, the losses )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(will be permanent. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.164 Tw
(At a minimum, we expect ocean acidification and hypoxia alone )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.092 Tw
(will reduce productivity of fish stocks that generate food and liveli-)Tj
T*
0.174 Tw
(hood for many millions of people. In the worst case, we could see )Tj
T*
0.236 Tw
(the extinguishment of many fisheries. Large parts of the worlds )Tj
T*
0.222 Tw
(surface ocean, the top few hundred meters where virtually all of )Tj
T*
0.1 Tw
(our seafood comes from, are already becoming corrosive to many of )Tj
T*
0.086 Tw
(the plankton species that form the foundation of marine food webs. )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(If the fish lose their dinner table, we will lose ours. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.194 Tw
(The consequences of warming also take a toll. I will cut to the )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.056 Tw
(chase here and mention that there is some hypoxia occurring in the )Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm
1 g
0 Tw
[(VerDate Nov 24 2008 )-1076.9(09:02 Jul 16, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 050769)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00021)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(S:\\WPSHR\\GPO\\DOCS\\50769.TXT)-1076.9(SCOM1)-1076.9(PsN: JACKIE)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
77 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/F1 4 0 R
/F5 8 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
80 0 obj
<<
/Length 5828
>>
stream
BT
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm
0 g
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
(18 )Tj
-15.344 -2 TD
0.242 Tw
(North Pacific that is particularly severe. We are looking at very )Tj
0 -1.01 TD
0.134 Tw
(deep loss of habitat for groundfish, some of the most valuable and )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(productive fisheries we have. )Tj
1 -1.01 TD
0.138 Tw
(Adaptation has limits. When it comes to chemical change in the )Tj
-1 -1.01 TD
0.232 Tw
(ocean, unlike thermal change, it is not clear that you canwell, )Tj
T*
0.244 Tw
(once the ocean becomes corrosive for calcifying species, they dis-)Tj
T*
0.104 Tw
(solve. An ocean that is unfit for fish and the things they eat is not )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(an ocean that fisheries can adapt to. )Tj
1 -1.01 TD
0.168 Tw
(There are some things we can do in terms of adaptive manage-)Tj
-1 -1.01 TD
0.084 Tw
(ment. We can do some good research. We should do more. We have )Tj
T*
0.196 Tw
(a profound need to dig in deeper in terms of how productivity in )Tj
0 -1 TD
0.144 Tw
(the ocean is changing so that we have a chance of managing fish-)Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(eries sustainably as the ocean changes. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.18 Tw
(If we invest in understanding these changes, we have a chance )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.08 Tw
(of adapting in a responsible way. So I would say there are a couple )Tj
T*
0.102 Tw
(of take-home points here. We need a strong carbon policy. One can )Tj
T*
0.188 Tw
(argue about where the thresholds should be. We are going to get )Tj
T*
0.182 Tw
(a pretty good glimpse of that in a paper that is pending in press )Tj
T*
0.302 Tw
(now by Feely and Turley that says here are the biological and )Tj
T*
0.422 Tw
(chemical bases for setting thresholds for CO)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
7.78 0 0 6.5 376.3969 448.8407 Tm
0 Tw
(2)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 387.287 450.0001 Tm
0.422 Tw
(based on ocean )Tj
-24.0287 -1 TD
0.202 Tw
(health. We think that is going to be a good place to look for fig-)Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(uring out how to set those thresholds. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.214 Tw
(We urge youand we are urging the industry to do the same, )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.142 Tw
(to urge youto do everything you can to do the kind of thing you )Tj
T*
0.372 Tw
(are already talking about. You are talking about doubling the )Tj
T*
0.21 Tw
(budget for NOAA. We salute that. We are going to need a lot of )Tj
T*
0.164 Tw
(that research, or we are not going to know enough to handle this )Tj
T*
0 Tw
(problem. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.37 Tw
(And then remember the nature of the risk. Overfishing and )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.224 Tw
(things like that are classic old-school risks that we manage in a )Tj
T*
0.108 Tw
(way that bears in mind that you can usually get it back. You blow )Tj
T*
0.226 Tw
(itwell, you just fish less. The fish generally come back. It is a )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(marvelous kind of risk to face. This is not that kind of risk. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.09 Tw
(This is one where, as far as we human beings are concerned, the )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.052 Tw
(geologic record suggests it is basically forever. We lose it. It is gone. )Tj
1 -1 TD
(Thank you. )Tj
T*
([The prepared statement of Mr. Warren follows:] )Tj
8 0 0 8 156.66 260.0001 Tm
0 Tw
(P)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 161.9959 260.0001 Tm
(REPARED)Tj
8 0 0 8 196.9879 260.0001 Tm
(S)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 202.0278 260.0001 Tm
[(TATEMENT)-412.5(OF)]TJ
8 0 0 8 254.4821 260.0001 Tm
(B)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 260.2581 260.0001 Tm
(RAD)Tj
8 0 0 8 277.1188 260.0001 Tm
(W)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 284.9667 260.0001 Tm
(ARREN)Tj
8 0 0 8 308.6659 260.0001 Tm
0.0525 Tw
(, S)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 318.5738 260.0001 Tm
0 Tw
(USTAINABLE)Tj
8 0 0 8 365.3033 260.0001 Tm
(F)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 370.6393 260.0001 Tm
(ISHERIES)Tj
8 0 0 8 405.7465 260.0001 Tm
(P)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 411.0824 260.0001 Tm
(ARTNERSHIP)Tj
8 0 0 8 455.2871 260.0001 Tm
( )Tj
-37.5359 -1.625 TD
0.08 Tw
(Thank you for the opportunity to testify today. Its especially gratifying to be here )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.215 Tw
(today because the theme of this hearing, the Blue Economy, shows that many of )Tj
T*
0.21 Tw
(our elected leaders todayincluding leaders from both partiesget it about the )Tj
T*
0.24 Tw
(ocean. We are all here today because you understand that the ocean, which has )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(been so generous to human beings for so long, now needs our help. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.1225 Tw
(My name is Brad Warren, and I run a program on ocean acidification and global )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.225 Tw
(ocean health at the Sustainable Fisheries Partnership \(known as SFP\). SFP is a )Tj
T*
0.12 Tw
(nonprofit group that works with the seafood industry to conserve fisheries and ma-)Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(rine ecosystems around the world. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.1725 Tw
(I came to this work after more than two decades in the fishing industry, where )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.115 Tw
(I mainly ran industry trade journals. I left the publishing business to focus on pre-)Tj
T*
0.125 Tw
(paring the industry to confront CO)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
6.224 0 0 5.2 280.734 158.0724 Tm
0 Tw
(2)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 283.8461 159.0001 Tm
0.125 Tw
(-driven ocean acidification and climate impacts. )Tj
-17.1058 -1 TD
0.1275 Tw
(I made this change because it was the most important work I could think of to do. )Tj
T*
0.1 Tw
(The dangerous rise in world emissions of carbon dioxide has the potential to under-)Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(cut every aspiration we have for fisheries and ocean ecosystems. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.1925 Tw
(This isnt just one more problem for the ocean. Its the one that sets the terms )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.1425 Tw
(for all the others. There are lots of efforts underway to conserve fisheries and pro-)Tj
T*
0.065 Tw
(tect marine habitats. But there is a very good chance that none of them will amount )Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm
1 g
0 Tw
[(VerDate Nov 24 2008 )-1076.9(09:02 Jul 16, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 050769)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00022)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6621)-1076.9(S:\\WPSHR\\GPO\\DOCS\\50769.TXT)-1076.9(SCOM1)-1076.9(PsN: JACKIE)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
81 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/F1 4 0 R
/F5 8 0 R
/F10 82 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
84 0 obj
<<
/Length 7045
>>
stream
BT
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm
0 g
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
(19 )Tj
8 0 0 8 147 643 Tm
0.195 Tw
(to much if we dont get a grip on the worlds carbon dioxide emissions. It will be )Tj
0 -0.9875 TD
0.0525 Tw
(hard to save the fish if the ocean stops making them. )Tj
1 -0.9875 TD
0.0975 Tw
(I want to thank this committee for recognizing that the ocean belongs in this dis-)Tj
-1 -0.9875 TD
0.1375 Tw
(cussion. If we want the ocean to keep producing the benefits we enjoythings like )Tj
T*
0.2075 Tw
(fish, whales, seafood jobs for millions of people, and \(thanks to photosynthesizing )Tj
T*
0.2425 Tw
(plankton\) about half of the oxygen we breathethen were going to need carbon )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(policies that preserve its capacity to deliver the goods. )Tj
1 -0.9875 TD
0.115 Tw
(To be clear, SFP is not a lobby group. Instead, we help leaders in the seafood in-)Tj
-1 -0.9875 TD
0.06 Tw
(dustry to take on fundamental challenges to their future ability to produce and mar-)Tj
T*
0.15 Tw
(ket fish products. Ultimately it will be up to them to speak for themselves on this )Tj
T*
0.0875 Tw
(issue. But I can tell you that theyre listening, theyre seriously concerned, and they )Tj
T*
0.2 Tw
(are sorting out how they can be part of the solution. Some of the companies and )Tj
T*
0.115 Tw
(fishing groups we work with are keen to learn more about carbon policy, where its )Tj
T*
0.1575 Tw
(going, how it might affect them, and how it might help protect the ocean they de-)Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(pend on. )Tj
1 -0.9875 TD
0.1275 Tw
(Whats at stake? Well, In the U.S., seafood generated $68.4 billion in retail sales )Tj
-1 -0.9875 TD
0.125 Tw
(in 2007, according to the National Marine Fisheries Service. Processing and whole-)Tj
T*
0.2225 Tw
(saling alone accounted for 67,000 jobs. Add foodservice to that, and the numbers )Tj
T*
0.2 Tw
(soar. Seafood sales in New York State restaurants were estimated to support the )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(equivalent of 70,000 full-time jobs in 1999, according to New York Sea Grant. )Tj
1 -0.9875 TD
0.2275 Tw
(Worldwide, marine fisheries provide the primary source of income and food for )Tj
-1 -0.9875 TD
0.125 Tw
(hundreds of millions of people. FAO and other international resource agencies esti-)Tj
T*
0.0775 Tw
(mated this year that 3 billion people rely on the ocean for essential nutrition. About )Tj
T*
0.2025 Tw
(400 million people in poor countries get half or more of their animal protein and )Tj
T*
0.075 Tw
(minerals from seafood. Another 500 million people in developing counties earn a liv-)Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(ing from fisheries and aquaculture. )Tj
1 -0.9875 TD
0.2125 Tw
(How much of this will be lost if we dont reduce emissions? There are no good )Tj
-1 -0.9875 TD
0.165 Tw
(answers yet. But we do know this: If we delay acting until we know exactly what )Tj
T*
0.1675 Tw
(is at risk, we will make more of those losses unavoidable. Future generations will )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(remember us for this. Whether they will forgive us is another question. )Tj
1 -0.9875 TD
0.2075 Tw
(We at SFP, and some of our colleagues in other organizations, have done a lot )Tj
-1 -0.9875 TD
0.275 Tw
(of work to make sure leaders of the U.S. fishing industry understand what the )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(science is telling us about ocean acidification. )Tj
1 -0.9875 TD
0.07 Tw
(The chemistry is pretty clear. The changes have been measured, not just modeled. )Tj
-1 -0.9875 TD
0.055 Tw
(We know that billions of tons of CO)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
6.224 0 0 5.2 281.062 373.4724 Tm
0 Tw
(2)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 286.8341 374.4001 Tm
0.055 Tw
(from smokestacks and tailpipes are mixing into )Tj
-17.4793 -0.9875 TD
0.1375 Tw
(the ocean every year. The resulting carbonic acid depletes the rich soup of calcium )Tj
T*
0.09 Tw
(carbonate in seawater. Many of the fish we eat depend on food species that literally )Tj
T*
0.345 Tw
(build themselves out of that soup. One example: Pteropods, an important food )Tj
T*
0.12 Tw
(source for salmon and many other fish, have been shown to dissolve quickly in cal-)Tj
T*
0.4725 Tw
(cium carbonate-depleted conditions resulting from elevated CO)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
6.224 0 0 5.2 403.1644 333.9724 Tm
0 Tw
(2)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 412.2766 334.9 Tm
(concentration. )Tj
-33.1596 -0.9875 TD
0.1925 Tw
(Those conditions already occur in some near-surface waters along the West Coast )Tj
0 -1 TD
0.0525 Tw
(and Alaska. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.16 Tw
(If you want to see the key scientific papers that document acidification impacts, )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.0525 Tw
(I would be happy to provide them. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.1625 Tw
(At a minimum, we expect ocean acidification and hypoxia alone will reduce pro-)Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.065 Tw
(ductivity of fish stocks that generate food and livelihood for many millions of people. )Tj
T*
0.15 Tw
(In the worst case, acidification could extinguish many fisheries. Large parts of the )Tj
T*
0.135 Tw
(worlds surface oceanthe top few hundred meters, where virtually all our seafood )Tj
T*
0.19 Tw
(comes fromare already becoming corrosive to many of the plankton species that )Tj
T*
0.2125 Tw
(form the foundation of marine food webs. This is what fish eat. If fish lose their )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(dinner table, well lose ours. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.255 Tw
(The consequences of thermal changeglobal warmingare mixed for fisheries: )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.1875 Tw
(Small amounts of warming can and do increase the productivity of fish stocks, at )Tj
T*
0.07 Tw
(least temporarily. One could make a case that some of our major fisheries have ben-)Tj
T*
0.13 Tw
(efited from warming in the last few decades. As temperatures rise further, though, )Tj
T*
0.3075 Tw
(that benefit will vanish. Like Goldilocks, fish want temperatures that are just )Tj
T*
0 Tw
(right. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.13 Tw
(The consequences of warming also take a toll on the oxygen content of seawater, )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.17 Tw
(especially in deeper waters. Several studies suggest that were rapidly losing deep )Tj
T*
0.1025 Tw
(habitat for many marine fish because warming has triggered processes that deplete )Tj
T*
0.09 Tw
(the oxygen they need to survive. Some of the most compelling work on this problem )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(comes from Canadas Department of Fisheries and Oceans. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.1625 Tw
(Some fisheries, such as Washington States oyster industry, may already be suf-)Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.215 Tw
(fering grave harm from ocean acidification. Oyster growers have suffered 4 years )Tj
T*
0.0925 Tw
(of reproductive failure. There is preliminary evidence that this may be due to ocean )Tj
T*
0.145 Tw
(acidification, or possibly to a disease that thrives in acidified, oxygen-depleted sea-)Tj
T*
0.165 Tw
(water. Larval forms of many marine species are especially vulnerable, and lab ex-)Tj
T*
0.105 Tw
(periments show very high mortality; in a preliminary study by NOAA scientists, 67 )Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm
1 g
0 Tw
[(VerDate Nov 24 2008 )-1076.9(09:02 Jul 16, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 050769)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00023)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6621)-1076.9(S:\\WPSHR\\GPO\\DOCS\\50769.TXT)-1076.9(SCOM1)-1076.9(PsN: JACKIE)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
85 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/F1 4 0 R
/F5 8 0 R
/F10 82 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
87 0 obj
<<
/Length 6901
>>
stream
BT
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm
0 g
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
(20 )Tj
8 0 0 8 147 643 Tm
0.1275 Tw
(percent of larval blue king crab died when exposed to levels of acidification similar )Tj
0 -1.05 TD
0.135 Tw
(to those already measured in some watersincluding parts of the West Coast dur-)Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(ing summer upwelling. )Tj
1 -1.05 TD
0.1325 Tw
(Based on peer-reviewed NOAA research findings, it appears that the West Coast )Tj
-1 -1.05 TD
0.0825 Tw
(and the North Pacific off Alaska are especially vulnerable in the near term, because )Tj
T*
0 Tw
(CO)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
6.224 0 0 5.2 158.9998 600.0723 Tm
(2)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 165.1319 601 Tm
0.1 Tw
(tends to collect there. In the near-surface waters where most fish and shellfish )Tj
-2.2665 -1.05 TD
0.0925 Tw
(live, CO)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
6.224 0 0 5.2 177.5235 591.6723 Tm
0 Tw
(2)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 183.5956 592.6 Tm
0.0925 Tw
(concentrations are unusually high in the North Pacific region. Alaska pro-)Tj
-4.5745 -1.05 TD
0.0525 Tw
(duces about two-thirds of the U.S. fish harvest. So a lot of food is at stake. )Tj
1 -1.05 TD
0.1775 Tw
(If we lose marine fisheries, some people hope that aquaculture will take up the )Tj
-1 -1.05 TD
(slack. I wouldnt count on that. The popular farmed seafood products we consume )Tj
T*
0.2075 Tw
(in Americashrimp, salmon, tuna, etc.are raised on feeds that include millions )Tj
T*
0.125 Tw
(of tons of wild caught marine fish. Indeed, aquaculture consumes 57 percent of the )Tj
T*
0.1575 Tw
(worlds annual production of fishmeal and 90 percent of all fish oil, according to a )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(recent report by my colleagues at SFP. )Tj
1 -1.05 TD
0.2125 Tw
(Although we work closely with them, we dont represent the fisheries industry. )Tj
-1 -1.05 TD
0.1425 Tw
(There isnt yet agreement on every point or every step toward solutions. But I can )Tj
T*
0.195 Tw
(say that many leaders of the industry are seriously concerned about acidification. )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(We think they should be. )Tj
1 -1.05 TD
0.1825 Tw
(Its fair to say that seafood producers have two interests at stake in controlling )Tj
-1 -1.05 TD
0 Tw
(CO)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
6.224 0 0 5.2 158.9998 482.4723 Tm
(2)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 164.7519 483.4 Tm
(emissions. )Tj
-1.219 -1.05 TD
0.18 Tw
(First, they depend on the ocean to make fish. Some fishers and fishing commu-)Tj
-1 -1.05 TD
0.1975 Tw
(nities are pressing for strong carbon policy in order to protect ocean productivity. )Tj
T*
0.18 Tw
(We encourage that. They also want to know how CO)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
6.224 0 0 5.2 353.173 457.2723 Tm
0 Tw
(2)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 359.9451 458.2 Tm
0.18 Tw
(emissions are affecting fish )Tj
-26.6181 -1.05 TD
0.065 Tw
(and shellfish. Fishing and processing groups have advocated successfully for two im-)Tj
T*
0.1 Tw
(portant government research programs, one national, one regional, that will help to )Tj
T*
0.3075 Tw
(clarify how CO)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
6.224 0 0 5.2 207.0311 432.0723 Tm
0 Tw
(2)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 210.1432 433 Tm
0.3075 Tw
(-driven acidification affects marine ecosystems and commercially )Tj
-7.8929 -1.05 TD
0.0525 Tw
(harvested species )Tj
1 -1.05 TD
0.195 Tw
(The second point of concern is the same one every other industry faces: fishing )Tj
-1 -1.05 TD
0.1175 Tw
(takes fuel. Fishers and processors want to protect the resource, and they also want )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(to stay in business. They want emission reductions targets that are achievable. They )Tj
T*
(also want emissions regulations to be fair and affordable. )Tj
1 -1.05 TD
0.1 Tw
(Their experience is unusually relevant as the Nation prepares to adopt a cap and )Tj
-1 -1.05 TD
0.08 Tw
(trade system for carbon. Probably more than any other industry, fishers understand )Tj
T*
0.1275 Tw
(the use of transferable rights or allowances to address environmental problems. )Tj
T*
0.0975 Tw
(The lessons learned apply directly to carbon regulation. Dozens of transferable fish-)Tj
T*
0.0825 Tw
(ery quota systems have evolved over the last for 25 years around the world. Fishers )Tj
T*
0.1075 Tw
(and seafood processors have learned how these systems can solve difficult problems )Tj
T*
0.1475 Tw
(such as reducing bycatch; they have also learned how these cap-and-trade systems )Tj
T*
0.2325 Tw
(create competitive advantages and disadvantages. If a new regulatory system for )Tj
T*
0.21 Tw
(carbon dioxide is going to create tools and incentives that help companies reduce )Tj
T*
0.135 Tw
(emissions, improve energy efficiency, and reduce fuel costs, people in the fish busi-)Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(ness will want access to those benefits. )Tj
1 -1.05 TD
0.09 Tw
(The fishing industry is a tiny emitter. Based on data from the U.N. Food and Ag-)Tj
-1 -1.05 TD
0.075 Tw
(riculture Organization and U.S. Department of Energy, weve estimated that fishing )Tj
T*
0.11 Tw
(fleets worldwide account for about 0.2 percent of global CO)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
6.224 0 0 5.2 372.4207 272.4723 Tm
0 Tw
(2)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 378.6328 273.4 Tm
0.11 Tw
(emissions. Probably no )Tj
-28.9541 -1.05 TD
0.18 Tw
(U.S. seafood company \(and certainly no single facility\) emits 10,000-ton CO)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
6.224 0 0 5.2 440.1077 264.0723 Tm
0 Tw
(2)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 443.2198 265 Tm
0.18 Tw
(e, the )Tj
-37.0275 -1.05 TD
0.175 Tw
(threshold for regulation envisioned by many carbon policy proposals. But again, if )Tj
T*
0.2075 Tw
(a new system creates special benefits, they will want the benefits to be allocated )Tj
T*
0.2 Tw
(in a fair and inclusive waynot reserved for a few big emitters, while everybody )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(else just pays more at the pump. )Tj
1 -1.05 TD
0.0725 Tw
(There can be legitimate disagreements about how, and how much, to reduce emis-)Tj
-1 -1.05 TD
0.08 Tw
(sions. But there is one goal everyone should hold in common: We want controls that )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(allow the ocean to keep giving us fish to eat . )Tj
1 -1.05 TD
0.085 Tw
(An excellent documentary film on ocean acidification has just come out. Its called )Tj
/F6 1 Tf
-1 -1.05 TD
0.195 Tw
(A Sea Change )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
7.3069 0 TD
(\(information online at )Tj
/F6 1 Tf
11.0118 0 TD
0 Tw
(www.aseachange.net)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
9.5539 0 TD
0.195 Tw
(\). I recommend this film )Tj
-27.8726 -1.05 TD
0.0525 Tw
(to everyone here. )Tj
1 -1.05 TD
(Thank you again for holding this hearing. Good luck! )Tj
10 0 0 10 157 154.2 Tm
0.052 Tw
(Senator C)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 203.8193 154.2 Tm
0 Tw
(ANTWELL)Tj
10 0 0 10 245.7466 154.2 Tm
0.052 Tw
(. Thank you, Mr. Warren. )Tj
-8.8747 -1.04 TD
0.184 Tw
(Mr. Babb-Brott, thank you for being here and for your work in )Tj
-1 -1.04 TD
0.232 Tw
(Massachusetts. We look forward to hearing about your efforts in )Tj
T*
0 Tw
(planning. )Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm
1 g
[(VerDate Nov 24 2008 )-1076.9(09:02 Jul 16, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 050769)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00024)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(S:\\WPSHR\\GPO\\DOCS\\50769.TXT)-1076.9(SCOM1)-1076.9(PsN: JACKIE)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
88 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/F1 4 0 R
/F5 8 0 R
/F6 14 0 R
/F10 82 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
90 0 obj
<<
/Length 4629
>>
stream
BT
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm
0 g
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
(21 )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 209.36 642 Tm
0.0422 Tw
(STATEMENT OF DEERIN BABB-BROTT, )Tj
-3.5267 -1.0222 TD
(ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF OCEANS AND COASTAL )Tj
-0.2133 -1.0222 TD
(ZONE MANAGEMENT, MASSACHUSETTS EXECUTIVE )Tj
-0.4311 -1.0333 TD
(OFFICE OF ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL AFFAIRS, )Tj
3.8533 -1.0333 TD
(COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 157 591.0001 Tm
0.21 Tw
(Mr. B)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 185.7596 591.0001 Tm
0 Tw
(ABB)Tj
10 0 0 10 203.0873 591.0001 Tm
(-B)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 213.6371 591.0001 Tm
(ROTT)Tj
10 0 0 10 236.3088 591.0001 Tm
0.21 Tw
(. Thank you, and good morning, Madam Chair )Tj
-8.9309 -1 TD
0.052 Tw
(and Senator Snowe. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.206 Tw
(Thank you for the opportunity to share with you our firsthand )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.236 Tw
(experiences in the initial applications of marine spatial planning )Tj
T*
0.14 Tw
(and ecosystem-based management through the development of the )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(Commonwealths first comprehensive ocean management plan. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.112 Tw
(In my testimony this morning, I will describe the concept of ma-)Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.304 Tw
(rine spatial planning and ecosystem-based management and ex-)Tj
T*
0.106 Tw
(plain our current efforts in Massachusetts to improve our steward-)Tj
T*
0.098 Tw
(ship and the management of the ocean environment in and beyond )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(Massachusetts ocean waters. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.344 Tw
(Nationally and internationally, variations on the discipline of )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.086 Tw
(marine spatial planning are emerging as a basis for stewardship of )Tj
T*
0.232 Tw
(the ocean ecosystem. While there are many technical definitions, )Tj
T*
0.226 Tw
(marine spatial planning can be simply described as the adaptive )Tj
T*
0.11 Tw
(process of collecting, analyzing, and managing the spatial distribu-)Tj
T*
0.362 Tw
(tion of marine resources and habitats and human activities to )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(achieve the goals defined by society. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.218 Tw
(Not unlike what we regularly do on land in terms of land use )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.354 Tw
(planning to site development while protecting such features as )Tj
T*
0.312 Tw
(open space habitat and drinking water supplies, marine spatial )Tj
T*
0.19 Tw
(planning seeks to do the same in the ocean environment. Marine )Tj
T*
0.08 Tw
(spatial planning thus supports decisions related to the allocation of )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(ocean services. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.172 Tw
(A related discipline, ecosystem-based management, provides the )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.506 Tw
(tools for understanding, maintaining, and enhancing the eco-)Tj
T*
0.134 Tw
(systems ability to provide those services humans need and desire. )Tj
T*
0.206 Tw
(In brief, ecosystem-based management focuses on the system; ac-)Tj
T*
0.09 Tw
(knowledges interconnectedness within and among systems, such as )Tj
T*
0.244 Tw
(between air, land, and sea; and integrates ecological, social, eco-)Tj
T*
0.516 Tw
(nomic, and institutional perspectives, recognizing their strong )Tj
T*
0 Tw
(interdependencies. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.136 Tw
(In 2003, the Massachusetts Ocean Management Task Force was )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.296 Tw
(appointed to examine evolving ocean issues and develop a com-)Tj
T*
0.122 Tw
(prehensive approach to managing ocean resources. In March 2004, )Tj
T*
0.09 Tw
(the Task Force presented as its top priority the enactment of legis-)Tj
T*
0.24 Tw
(lation establishing comprehensive ocean resource management in )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(Massachusetts ocean waters. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.274 Tw
(This recommendation led to the passage of the Oceans Act of )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.086 Tw
(2008, signed by Governor Patrick last May. The Oceans Act has 15 )Tj
T*
0.096 Tw
(core requirements whose elements include requirements to identify )Tj
T*
0.242 Tw
(and protect special, sensitive, or unique marine life and habitat; )Tj
T*
0.204 Tw
(value biodiversity and respect the interdependence of ecosystems; )Tj
T*
0.272 Tw
(identify appropriate locations for development; foster sustainable )Tj
T*
0.28 Tw
(uses that capitalize on economic opportunity; respect the impor-)Tj
T*
0.18 Tw
(tance of commercial and recreational fishing; and address climate )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(change and sea level rise. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.124 Tw
(Two key features of the Act include the fact that the ocean plan )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.202 Tw
(is not a regulatory, but all approvals by any political subdivision )Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm
1 g
0 Tw
[(VerDate Nov 24 2008 )-1076.9(09:02 Jul 16, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 050769)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00025)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(S:\\WPSHR\\GPO\\DOCS\\50769.TXT)-1076.9(SCOM1)-1076.9(PsN: JACKIE)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
91 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/F1 4 0 R
/F5 8 0 R
/F7 24 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
93 0 obj
<<
/Length 4518
>>
stream
BT
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm
0 g
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
(22 )Tj
-15.344 -2 TD
0.152 Tw
(of the State must be consistent with the plan. And fisheries man-)Tj
0 -1.04 TD
0.358 Tw
(agement plans and fisheries regulations are not subject to the )Tj
T*
0.15 Tw
(ocean plan. Commercial and recreational fishing are allowed uses, )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the State fisheries agency. )Tj
1 -1.04 TD
0.29 Tw
(The Oceans Act requires a draft for public review 12 months )Tj
-1 -1.04 TD
0.324 Tw
(from its enactment, and the final plan must be promulgated 6 )Tj
T*
0.11 Tw
(months thereafter. To develop the plan, EEA invested in 6 months )Tj
T*
0.078 Tw
(of listening to and learning from the public and stakeholders, gath-)Tj
T*
0.076 Tw
(ering and synthesizing existing data, and identifying key data gaps )Tj
T*
0.156 Tw
(that could be addressed within the schedule; 3 months developing )Tj
T*
0.28 Tw
(and reviewing management options and incorporating new data; )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(and 2 months refining and revising the ocean plan. )Tj
1 -1.04 TD
0.348 Tw
(As the basis for the plan, we adopted four goalsintegrated )Tj
-1 -1.04 TD
0.216 Tw
(management, so that individual actions will be considered in the )Tj
T*
0.172 Tw
(context of a plan that integrates natural, social, and economic in-)Tj
T*
0.324 Tw
(formation; effective stewardship through management of human )Tj
T*
0.112 Tw
(uses; the effective stewardship through the protection of resources; )Tj
T*
0.18 Tw
(and the development of an adaptive planning framework. Specific )Tj
T*
0.098 Tw
(planning strategies were developed to address the 15 requirements )Tj
T*
0.104 Tw
(of the Oceans Act, such as to meet the condition of the Oceans Act )Tj
T*
0.216 Tw
(that the ocean plan reflect the importance of commercial fishing, )Tj
T*
0.302 Tw
(we established as a strategy that we would locate incompatible )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(uses outside areas of high commercial fishing effort and value. )Tj
1 -1.04 TD
0.174 Tw
(Overall management options were then developed and reviewed )Tj
-1 -1.04 TD
0.188 Tw
(with the Ocean Advisory Commission. Options ranged from using )Tj
T*
0.082 Tw
(the new data and information to support existing management and )Tj
T*
0.138 Tw
(regulatory processes to fully zone the ocean for allowable and pro-)Tj
T*
0.068 Tw
(hibited uses. We are now working with a hybrid approach that des-)Tj
T*
0.252 Tw
(ignates some specific areas that allow or prohibit uses, but that )Tj
T*
0.272 Tw
(also leaves the majority of the planning area unallocated where )Tj
T*
0.142 Tw
(new uses will be subject to siting and performance standards that )Tj
T*
0.182 Tw
(direct development away from high-value resource areas and con-)Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(centrations of existing water-dependent uses. )Tj
1 -1.04 TD
0.17 Tw
(In our work to date, we have learned that marine spatial plan-)Tj
-1 -1.04 TD
0.312 Tw
(ning is extremely time and labor intensive. Sufficient staff and )Tj
T*
0.086 Tw
(agency resources are required to address data, public participation, )Tj
T*
0.16 Tw
(and planning needs. A minimum requirement is sufficient data to )Tj
T*
0.21 Tw
(accurately characterize baseline environmental and human condi-)Tj
T*
0.102 Tw
(tions, but importantly, this baseline data can be derived from mul-)Tj
T*
0.154 Tw
(tiple sources of varying temporal and spatial scale and resolution. )Tj
T*
0.206 Tw
(Acquiring, analyzing, presenting, and based on feedback, revising )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(information in an iterative process with the public is critical. )Tj
1 -1.04 TD
0.152 Tw
(And last, the need for the coordinated and supportive participa-)Tj
-1 -1.04 TD
0.19 Tw
(tion of the Federal agencies cannot be overstated. To successfully )Tj
T*
0.186 Tw
(support local and regional marine spatial planning initiatives, we )Tj
T*
0.274 Tw
(strongly believe that the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Ad-)Tj
T*
0.096 Tw
(ministration should have a centralized coordinating Federal role in )Tj
T*
0.148 Tw
(working with the States and regions to advance Federal, regional, )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(and State marine spatial planning policy initiatives. )Tj
1 -1.04 TD
(Thank you for the opportunity to testify this morning. )Tj
T*
([The prepared statement of Mr. Babb-Brott follows:] )Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm
1 g
0 Tw
[(VerDate Nov 24 2008 )-1076.9(09:02 Jul 16, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 050769)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00026)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(S:\\WPSHR\\GPO\\DOCS\\50769.TXT)-1076.9(SCOM1)-1076.9(PsN: JACKIE)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
94 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/F1 4 0 R
/F5 8 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
96 0 obj
<<
/Length 8057
>>
stream
BT
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm
0 g
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
(23 )Tj
8 0 0 8 147 643 Tm
(P)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 152.3359 643 Tm
(REPARED)Tj
8 0 0 8 188.7679 643 Tm
(S)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 193.8078 643 Tm
[(TATEMENT)-637.5(OF)]TJ
8 0 0 8 249.1422 643 Tm
(D)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 255.3661 643 Tm
(EERIN)Tj
8 0 0 8 281.1292 643 Tm
(B)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 286.9052 643 Tm
(ABB)Tj
8 0 0 8 300.7675 643 Tm
(-B)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 309.2074 643 Tm
(ROTT)Tj
8 0 0 8 327.345 643 Tm
0.2325 Tw
(, A)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 339.4289 643 Tm
0 Tw
(SSISTANT)Tj
8 0 0 8 376.584 643 Tm
(S)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 381.624 643 Tm
[(ECRETARY)-637.5(OF)]TJ
8 0 0 8 435.5311 643 Tm
(O)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 441.7551 643 Tm
(CEANS)Tj
8 0 0 8 464.8654 643 Tm
( )Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 155 634.9 Tm
(AND)Tj
8 0 0 8 172.456 634.9 Tm
(C)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 178.2319 634.9 Tm
(OASTAL)Tj
8 0 0 8 207.6622 634.9 Tm
(Z)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 212.5502 634.9 Tm
(ONE)Tj
8 0 0 8 230.0062 634.9 Tm
(M)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 237.558 634.9 Tm
(ANAGEMENT)Tj
8 0 0 8 281.7628 634.9 Tm
0.0525 Tw
(, M)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 294.1826 634.9 Tm
0 Tw
(ASSACHUSETTS)Tj
8 0 0 8 350.5186 634.9 Tm
(E)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 356.2945 634.9 Tm
(XECUTIVE)Tj
8 0 0 8 394.0129 634.9 Tm
(O)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 400.2368 634.9 Tm
[(FFICE)-412.5(OF)]TJ
8 0 0 8 435.1487 634.9 Tm
(E)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 440.9247 634.9 Tm
(NERGY)Tj
8 0 0 8 464.867 634.9 Tm
( )Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 155 626.8 Tm
(AND)Tj
8 0 0 8 172.456 626.8 Tm
(E)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 178.2319 626.8 Tm
(NVIRONMENTAL)Tj
8 0 0 8 237.1662 626.8 Tm
(A)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 242.9421 626.8 Tm
(FFAIRS)Tj
8 0 0 8 267.3581 626.8 Tm
0.0525 Tw
(, C)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 278.002 626.8 Tm
0 Tw
[(OMMONWEALTH)-412.5(OF)]TJ
8 0 0 8 349.1763 626.8 Tm
(M)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 356.7282 626.8 Tm
(ASSACHUSETTS)Tj
8 0 0 8 410.4242 626.8 Tm
( )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
-32.928 -1.6375 TD
(Introduction )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1 -1.2625 TD
0.0675 Tw
(Good morning, Mr. Chairman and Members of the Committee. My name is Deerin )Tj
-1 -1.0125 TD
0.1 Tw
(Babb-Brott, and I am Assistant Secretary of Oceans and Coastal Zone Management )Tj
T*
0.0875 Tw
(of the Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs for the Commonwealth )Tj
T*
0.1875 Tw
(of Massachusetts. I am pleased to be here today to share with you our first-hand )Tj
T*
0.2525 Tw
(experiences in the initial applications of marine spatial planning and ecosystem- )Tj
T*
0.1225 Tw
(based management through the development the Commonwealths first comprehen-)Tj
T*
0.135 Tw
(sive ocean management plan. In my testimony today, I will describe the concept of )Tj
T*
0.2475 Tw
(marine spatial planning and explain our current efforts in Massachusetts to use )Tj
T*
0.1525 Tw
(spatially-explicit information on ecosystem components and human uses, activities, )Tj
T*
0.2325 Tw
(and facilities to improve our stewardship and management of the ocean environ-)Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(ment in and beyond Massachusetts marine waters. )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
0 -1.5125 TD
0.045 Tw
(The Context for Marine Spatial Planning )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1 -1.2625 TD
0.11 Tw
(Our Nations oceans provide the foundation for uses, goods, and services that col-)Tj
-1 -1.0125 TD
0.3725 Tw
(lectively represent a significant component of the United States economy. The )Tj
T*
0.1525 Tw
(oceans support an impressive list of renewable and non-renewable goods and serv-)Tj
T*
0.0775 Tw
(ices including: commercial and recreational fishing; marine transportation and navi-)Tj
T*
0.22 Tw
(gation; energy, communications, and waste/process-water infrastructure; sand and )Tj
T*
0.2125 Tw
(gravel extraction; recreational boating, diving, wildlife watching; science and edu-)Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(cation; and historical and cultural sites. Ecosystem services has emerged as a term )Tj
T*
0.19 Tw
(capturing the array of uses, goods, and benefits that humans derive from natural )Tj
T*
0.1 Tw
(systems. Estimates of the value of the services derived from marine ecosystems can )Tj
T*
0.0575 Tw
(be generated but they are generally very conservative as numerous services are very )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(difficult to quantify. )Tj
1 -1.0125 TD
0.0975 Tw
(Human society benefits greatly from the uses, goods, and services provided by es-)Tj
-1 -1.0125 TD
0.31 Tw
(tuarine and marine ecosystems, but our activitiesboth in the ocean, along its )Tj
T*
0.2075 Tw
(coasts, and on adjacent land and watershedsare also having detrimental effects )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(on these same systems, their components and processes. Rapid climate change, habi-)Tj
T*
0.1375 Tw
(tat loss and changes, pollution, and spread of invasive species are just some of the )Tj
T*
0.1 Tw
(threats and stressors which are jeopardizing these ecosystems and the human serv-)Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(ices they provide. )Tj
1 -1.0125 TD
0.1375 Tw
(At the same time, the marine waters are increasingly eyed for new uses and de-)Tj
-1 -1.0125 TD
0.165 Tw
(velopment, including traditional energy facilities such as liquefied natural gas ter-)Tj
T*
0.1025 Tw
(minals and associated pipelines, offshore aquaculture, and the extraction of sand or )Tj
T*
0.08 Tw
(gravel resources for beach and shoreline stabilization. Another significant use of the )Tj
T*
0.1875 Tw
(ocean going forward is the development of renewable energy facilities. While tide, )Tj
T*
0.13 Tw
(current, and wave resources represent potential as renewable energy sources, wind )Tj
T*
0.185 Tw
(energy in the Northeast is the resource with the greatest promise on the basis of )Tj
T*
0.2375 Tw
(currently available technology. Here, offshore wind is superior to remote onshore )Tj
T*
0.0775 Tw
(wind in terms of resource size, distribution, capacity factor, reliability, minimization )Tj
T*
0.105 Tw
(of environmental impact, and proximity to population centers. It is a potentially in-)Tj
T*
0.1525 Tw
(exhaustible resource that, in many cases, is available in close proximity to regions )Tj
T*
0.32 Tw
(with the highest electricity demand, minimizing the need for costly new trans-)Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(mission lines. )Tj
1 -1.0125 TD
0.1975 Tw
(Concurrent with these new demands comes an increasing awareness of the tre-)Tj
-1 -1.0125 TD
0.25 Tw
(mendous importance of maintaining a healthy and resilient marine ecosystem to )Tj
T*
0.1825 Tw
(both support the uses and services that society values and benefits from and also )Tj
T*
0.145 Tw
(to support its resilience to the increasing threats of global climate change. Time is )Tj
0 -1 TD
0.24 Tw
(long overdue to be more active stewards of these public resources and to take a )Tj
T*
0.1025 Tw
(more pro-active stance in planning for marine ecosystem protection and the respon-)Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(sible and sustainable uses that stem from it. )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
0 -1.5 TD
0.045 Tw
(Marine Spatial Planning and Ecosystem-based Management )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1 -1.25 TD
0.2875 Tw
(Aspects of two formal methods for developing and organizing information and )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.2175 Tw
(making management decisions about human uses in the marine environment are )Tj
T*
0.1225 Tw
(being used in the development of the Massachusetts Ocean Management Plan: ma-)Tj
T*
0.165 Tw
(rine spatial planning and ecosystem-based management. The United Nations Edu-)Tj
T*
0.0925 Tw
(cational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization web page on marine spatial planning )Tj
T*
0 Tw
(\()Tj
/F6 1 Tf
0.333 0 TD
(http://www.unesco-ioc-marinesp.be/)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
17.1847 0 TD
0.0525 Tw
(\) explains that: )Tj
-15.5177 -1.5 TD
0.0975 Tw
(Marine spatial planning is a )Tj
/F6 1 Tf
13.8793 0 TD
(public process )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
6.8959 0 TD
0 Tw
(of )Tj
/F6 1 Tf
1.2085 0 TD
0.0975 Tw
(analyzing and allocating the spa-)Tj
-21.9837 -1 TD
0.0825 Tw
(tial and temporal distribution of human activities )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
23.7581 0 TD
(in marine areas )Tj
/F6 1 Tf
7.8414 0 TD
(to achieve ec-)Tj
-31.5995 -1 TD
0.08 Tw
(ological, economic, and social objectives that usually have been specified through )Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm
1 g
0 Tw
[(VerDate Nov 24 2008 )-1076.9(09:02 Jul 16, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 050769)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00027)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6621)-1076.9(S:\\WPSHR\\GPO\\DOCS\\50769.TXT)-1076.9(SCOM1)-1076.9(PsN: JACKIE)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
97 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/F1 4 0 R
/F5 8 0 R
/F6 14 0 R
/F7 24 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
99 0 obj
<<
/Length 6364
>>
stream
BT
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm
0 g
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
(24 )Tj
/F6 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 163 643 Tm
0.4075 Tw
(a political process. )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
9.9784 0 TD
(Characteristics of marine spatial planning include eco-)Tj
-9.9784 -1.0125 TD
0.0525 Tw
(system-based, area-based, integrated, adaptive, strategic and participatory. )Tj
0 -1.2625 TD
0.2 Tw
(Marine spatial planning is not an end in itself, but a practical way to create )Tj
0 -1.0125 TD
0.0875 Tw
(and establish a more rational use of marine space and the interactions between )Tj
T*
0.0925 Tw
(its uses, to balance demands for development with the need to protect the envi-)Tj
T*
0.11 Tw
(ronment, and to achieve social and economic objectives in an open and planned )Tj
T*
0 Tw
(way. )Tj
-1 -1.5125 TD
0.3125 Tw
(More than 220 academic scientists and policy experts with relevant expertise )Tj
-1 -1.0125 TD
0.08 Tw
(signed the )Tj
/F6 1 Tf
5.2159 0 TD
(Scientific Consensus Statement on Marine Ecosystem-Based Management, )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
-5.2159 -1.0125 TD
0.2275 Tw
(which was published in 2005 by Communication Partnership for Science and the )Tj
T*
0.18 Tw
(Sea and written by K. L. McLeod, J. Lubchenco, S. R. Palumbi, and A. A. Rosen-)Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(berg. This statement defines ecosystem-based management as: )Tj
2 -1.5125 TD
0.3575 Tw
[(.)-555(.)-555(.)0( an integrated approach to management that considers the entire eco-)]TJ
0 -1.0125 TD
0.3875 Tw
(system, including humans. The goal of ecosystem-based management is to )Tj
T*
0.1525 Tw
(maintain an ecosystem in a healthy, productive and resilient condition so that )Tj
T*
0.19 Tw
(it can provide the services humans want and need. Ecosystem-based manage-)Tj
T*
0.07 Tw
(ment differs from current approaches that usually focus on a single species, sec-)Tj
T*
0.11 Tw
(tor, activity or concern; it considers the cumulative impacts of different sectors. )Tj
-1 -1.5125 TD
0.0525 Tw
(Specifically, ecosystem-based management: )Tj
/F8 1 Tf
T*
0 Tw
()Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1.015 0 TD
0.2675 Tw
(emphasizes the protection of ecosystem structure, functioning, and key proc-)Tj
-0.015 -1.0125 TD
0 Tw
(esses; )Tj
/F8 1 Tf
-1 -1.2625 TD
()Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1.015 0 TD
0.1025 Tw
(is place-based in focusing on a specific ecosystem and the range of activities af-)Tj
-0.015 -1.0125 TD
0.0525 Tw
(fecting it; )Tj
/F8 1 Tf
-1 -1.2625 TD
0 Tw
()Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1.015 0 TD
0.2275 Tw
(explicitly accounts for the interconnectedness within systems, recognizing the )Tj
-0.015 -1.0125 TD
0.29 Tw
(importance of interactions between many target species or key services and )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(other non-target species; )Tj
/F8 1 Tf
-1 -1.2625 TD
0 Tw
()Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1.015 0 TD
0.0625 Tw
(acknowledges interconnectedness among systems, such as between air, land and )Tj
-0.015 -1.0125 TD
0.0525 Tw
(sea; and )Tj
/F8 1 Tf
-1 -1.2625 TD
0 Tw
()Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1.015 0 TD
0.395 Tw
(integrates ecological, social, economic, and institutional perspectives, recog-)Tj
-0.015 -1.0125 TD
0.0525 Tw
(nizing their strong interdependencies. )Tj
-1 -1.5125 TD
0.055 Tw
(While these definitions exemplify the many interpretations of marine spatial plan-)Tj
-1 -1.0125 TD
0.2425 Tw
(ning, we have adopted one from the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and )Tj
T*
0.2375 Tw
(Cultural Organization that has particular appeal for us by virtue of its intuitive )Tj
T*
0 Tw
(simplicity. )Tj
/F6 1 Tf
2 -1.5125 TD
0.3025 Tw
(Marine spatial planning is the adaptive process of collecting, analyzing and )Tj
0 -1.0125 TD
0.07 Tw
(managing the spatial distribution marine resources and habitats and human ac-)Tj
T*
0.1425 Tw
(tivities to achieve the goals defined by society. Not unlike what we regularly do )Tj
T*
0.0825 Tw
(on land in terms of zoning and land-use planning to site development while pro-)Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(tecting such features as open space, habitat, and drinking water supplies, marine )Tj
T*
(spatial planning seeks to do the same in the ocean environment. )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
-2 -1.5125 TD
0.045 Tw
(The Massachusetts Oceans Act )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1 -1.25 TD
0.115 Tw
(In Massachusetts, rich ocean waters and a spectacular coastline have shaped our )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.19 Tw
(history, economy, and way of life. Today, these ecologically and economically vital )Tj
T*
0.185 Tw
(public resources face unprecedented development pressure and represent potential )Tj
T*
0.3125 Tw
(solutions for new challenges, such as climate change. In addition to traditional )Tj
T*
0.355 Tw
(ocean usesrecreation and tourism, fishing and shellfishing, and shipping and )Tj
T*
0.3325 Tw
(tradenew proposals for energy, aquaculture, off-shore sand mining, and other )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(projects highlight the need for a comprehensive ocean management strategy. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.1225 Tw
(In 2003, the Massachusetts Ocean Management Task Force was appointed to ex-)Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.315 Tw
(amine evolving ocean uses and develop a comprehensive approach to managing )Tj
T*
0.115 Tw
(ocean resources. In March 2004, the Task Force released its final recommendations )Tj
T*
0.1925 Tw
(in the )Tj
/F6 1 Tf
3.367 0 TD
(Waves of Change )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
8.6504 0 TD
(report. These recommendations focused on: strengthening )Tj
-12.0173 -1 TD
0.1725 Tw
(state agencies to address environmental, planning, and public trust issues in both )Tj
T*
0.08 Tw
(state and Federal waters; establishing an ecosystem-based protocol to improve man-)Tj
T*
0.175 Tw
(agement of Federal waters; and initiating ocean education and stewardship initia-)Tj
T*
0.1775 Tw
(tives. The Task Forces top recommendation was that legislation be enacted to re-)Tj
T*
0.08 Tw
(quire the development of comprehensive ocean resource management plans for Mas-)Tj
T*
0.14 Tw
(sachusetts ocean waters. This recommendation and the cooperative efforts that fol-)Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(lowed led to the passage of the Oceans Act of 2008. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.1425 Tw
(The Oceans Act of 2008 requires the Secretary of the Executive Office of Energy )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.0875 Tw
(and Environmental Affairs \(EEA\) to develop an integrated ocean management plan. )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(Specifically, the Oceans Act requires that the plan shall: )Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm
1 g
0 Tw
[(VerDate Nov 24 2008 )-1076.9(09:02 Jul 16, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 050769)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00028)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6621)-1076.9(S:\\WPSHR\\GPO\\DOCS\\50769.TXT)-1076.9(SCOM1)-1076.9(PsN: JACKIE)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
100 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/F1 4 0 R
/F5 8 0 R
/F6 14 0 R
/F7 24 0 R
/F8 51 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
102 0 obj
<<
/Length 6027
>>
stream
BT
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm
0 g
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
(25 )Tj
8 0 0 8 163 643 Tm
0.1575 Tw
(1. Set forth the Commonwealths goals, siting priorities, and standards for en-)Tj
0 -1.0125 TD
0.1425 Tw
(suring effective stewardship of its ocean waters held in trust for the benefit of )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(the public. )Tj
T*
0.09 Tw
(2. Adhere to sound management practices, taking into account the existing nat-)Tj
T*
0.3625 Tw
(ural, social, cultural, historic, and economic characteristics of the planning )Tj
T*
0 Tw
(areas. )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(3. Preserve and protect the public trust. )Tj
T*
0.065 Tw
(4. Reflect the importance of the waters of the Commonwealth to its citizens who )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(derive livelihoods and recreational benefits from fishing. )Tj
T*
(5. Value biodiversity and ecosystem health. )Tj
T*
0.2125 Tw
(6. Identify and protect special, sensitive, or unique estuarine and marine life )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(and habitats. )Tj
T*
(7. Address climate change and sea-level rise. )Tj
T*
(8. Respect the interdependence of ecosystems. )Tj
T*
0.12 Tw
(9. Coordinate uses that include international, Federal, state, and local jurisdic-)Tj
T*
0 Tw
(tions. )Tj
T*
0.085 Tw
(10. Foster sustainable uses that capitalize on economic opportunity without sig-)Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(nificant detriment to the ecology or natural beauty of the ocean. )Tj
T*
(11. Preserve and enhance public access. )Tj
T*
0.125 Tw
(12. Support the infrastructure necessary to sustain the economy and quality of )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(life for the citizens of the Commonwealth. )Tj
T*
(13. Encourage public participation in decision-making. )Tj
T*
0.145 Tw
(14. Adapt to evolving knowledge and understanding of the ocean environment. )Tj
T*
0.375 Tw
(15. Identify appropriate locations and performance standards for activities, )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(uses, and facilities allowed under the Oceans Sanctuaries Act. )Tj
-1 -1.5125 TD
0.055 Tw
(The Oceans Act does not create a new layer of regulation, but rather provides that )Tj
-1 -1.0125 TD
0.225 Tw
(all state certificates, licenses, permits and approvals for any proposed structures, )Tj
T*
0.18 Tw
(uses, or activities be consistent with the plan to the maximum extent practicable. )Tj
T*
0.12 Tw
(Additionally, the ocean management plan must be incorporated into the Massachu-)Tj
T*
0.1225 Tw
(setts Coastal Zone Management Plan. Therefore, in addressing the requirements of )Tj
T*
0.2875 Tw
(the Oceans Act, the ocean management plan must take an integrated approach )Tj
T*
0.125 Tw
(across levels of government, both in its development as well as its implementation. )Tj
1 -1.0125 TD
0.205 Tw
(The Act stipulates that the Division of Marine Fisheries \(DMF\) shall have sole )Tj
-1 -1.0125 TD
0.1525 Tw
(responsibility for developing and implementing any fisheries management plans or )Tj
T*
0.0825 Tw
(fisheries regulations, and, further, that commercial and recreational fishing shall be )Tj
T*
0.08 Tw
(allowable uses subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of DMF. Additionally, DMF is di-)Tj
T*
0.1125 Tw
(rected to assess the potential economic impacts of planning decisions to commercial )Tj
T*
0.1275 Tw
(and recreational fishing and make recommendations to minimize those impacts. To )Tj
T*
0.0925 Tw
(ensure that the ocean management plan and fisheries management are complemen-)Tj
T*
0.1425 Tw
(tary, the Ocean Act requires that fisheries management shall be integrated, to the )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(maximum extent practicable, with the plan. )Tj
1 -1 TD
(In addition, the Oceans Act makes a new allowance for the development of appro-)Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.09 Tw
(priate scale renewable energy development, including wind, wave and tidal energy, )Tj
T*
0.15 Tw
(in state waters; establishes an Ocean Resources and Waterways Trust Fund to re-)Tj
T*
0.1675 Tw
(store or enhance marine habitat and resources or compensate for navigational im-)Tj
T*
0.13 Tw
(pacts that is to be funded by mitigation fees assessed to ocean development; estab-)Tj
T*
0.065 Tw
(lishes an Ocean Advisory Commission and Ocean Science Advisory Committee to as-)Tj
T*
0.12 Tw
(sist the Secretary in developing the ocean management plan; and requires that the )Tj
T*
0.1175 Tw
(ocean plan be revised and reviewed by the public and the legislature at least every )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(5 years. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.09 Tw
(Finally, the Oceans Act established an aggressive eighteen-month timeline for de-)Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.2025 Tw
(veloping the ocean plan, challenging us to respond quickly. While the schedule is )Tj
T*
0.13 Tw
(ambitious, we will meet it, with an ocean plan that both advances the marine spa-)Tj
T*
0.2025 Tw
(tial planning state-of-the-art in Massachusetts and beyond, and sets out a frame-)Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(work for ongoing, adaptive planning and ocean management. )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
0 -1.5 TD
0.045 Tw
(Marine Spatial Planning in Massachusetts )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1 -1.25 TD
0.1 Tw
(Principles and practices of marine spatial planning and ecosystem-based manage-)Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.115 Tw
(ment, whether derived from academic expression, conceptual models, or specific ap-)Tj
T*
0.07 Tw
(plication in other ocean management plans, provided one aspect of the basic founda-)Tj
T*
0.205 Tw
(tion for the Massachusetts Ocean Management Plan. The plan considered marine )Tj
T*
0.1375 Tw
(spatial planning and ecosystem-based management principles through the prism of )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(other elements of the planning context, including: )Tj
/F8 1 Tf
1 -1.5 TD
0 Tw
()Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1.015 0 TD
0.0525 Tw
(The Oceans Act as a source for siting priorities and standards. )Tj
/F8 1 Tf
-1.015 -1.25 TD
0 Tw
()Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1.015 0 TD
0.2425 Tw
(Existing state law, particularly the Massachusetts Environmental Policy Act, )Tj
-0.015 -1 TD
0.0525 Tw
(for siting thresholds and standards. )Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm
1 g
0 Tw
[(VerDate Nov 24 2008 )-1076.9(09:02 Jul 16, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 050769)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00029)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6621)-1076.9(S:\\WPSHR\\GPO\\DOCS\\50769.TXT)-1076.9(SCOM1)-1076.9(PsN: JACKIE)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
103 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/F1 4 0 R
/F5 8 0 R
/F7 24 0 R
/F8 51 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
105 0 obj
<<
/Length 6752
>>
stream
BT
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm
0 g
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
(26 )Tj
/F8 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 155 643 Tm
()Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1.015 0 TD
0.095 Tw
(Performance standards in Massachusetts agencies resource and regulatory pro-)Tj
-0.015 -1 TD
0 Tw
(grams. )Tj
-1 -1.5 TD
0.2425 Tw
(Importantly, as planning and management disciplines, marine spatial planning )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.0875 Tw
(and ecosystem-based management have been advanced in alternative configurations )Tj
T*
0.15 Tw
(that share the common elements of a formalized and iterative process that applies )Tj
T*
0.2725 Tw
(specified deliberative methodologies and information requirements. The structure )Tj
T*
0.0675 Tw
(and content of the ocean plan will be consistent with, and has been framed carefully )Tj
T*
0.14 Tw
(to allow for, ongoing incorporation of new knowledge and refined methods relevant )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(to marine spatial planning and ecosystem-based management. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.12 Tw
(As the basis for developing the ocean plan, a planning team at the Executive Of-)Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.3475 Tw
(fice of Energy and Environmental Affairs \(EEA\), supported by EEAs Office of )Tj
T*
0.1525 Tw
(Coastal Zone Management, conducted an ambitious public information and partici-)Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(pation campaign that included the following: )Tj
/F8 1 Tf
1 -1.5 TD
0 Tw
()Tj
/F6 1 Tf
1.015 0 TD
0.1475 Tw
(Websites and Electronic Updates)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
15.4563 0 TD
(To provide the public with the necessary in-)Tj
-15.4713 -1 TD
0.3375 Tw
(formation to effectively participate in plan development, EEA launched the )Tj
T*
0.3675 Tw
(Massachusetts Ocean Plan website. In addition, EEA developed the Public )Tj
T*
0.3525 Tw
(Input Portal for Massachusetts Ocean Planning to provide direct access to )Tj
T*
0.195 Tw
(video/transcripts of public meetings, an online commenting form, and a log of )Tj
T*
0.1525 Tw
(the public comments submitted. EEA also distributed periodic Ocean Planning )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(Alert e-mails, available both electronically and in print. )Tj
/F8 1 Tf
-1 -1.25 TD
0 Tw
()Tj
/F6 1 Tf
1.015 0 TD
0.2825 Tw
(Public Listening Sessions)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
12.2838 0 TD
(In September and October of 2008, EEA held 18 )Tj
-12.2988 -1 TD
0.2225 Tw
(public Listening Sessions in Boston, Eastham, Fall River, Gloucester, Lowell, )Tj
T*
0.3625 Tw
(Nantucket, New Bedford, Norwell, Oak Bluffs, Pittsfield, Plymouth, Salem, )Tj
T*
0.19 Tw
(Salisbury, Springfield, West Barnstable, Weymouth, Woods Hole, and Worces-)Tj
T*
(ter. More than 300 people turned out to give their input on the goals for the )Tj
T*
0.3025 Tw
(ocean management plan. Videos and transcripts of these Listening Sessions )Tj
T*
0.15 Tw
(were posted on the Public Input Portal to support further public participation, )Tj
T*
0.1875 Tw
(and summaries of the comments provided at the meetings were posted to the )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(EEA Ocean Plan website. )Tj
/F8 1 Tf
-1 -1.25 TD
0 Tw
()Tj
/F6 1 Tf
1.015 0 TD
0.3925 Tw
(Ocean Management Planning Principles Workshop)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
24.9716 0 TD
(In November 2008, the )Tj
-24.9866 -1 TD
0.165 Tw
(OAC and SAC held a joint workshop to discuss various aspects of the general )Tj
T*
0.135 Tw
(practice of marine spatial planning. In addition to OAC and SAC members, 30 )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(individuals participated. )Tj
/F8 1 Tf
-1 -1.25 TD
0 Tw
()Tj
/F6 1 Tf
1.015 0 TD
0.3425 Tw
(Data Workshops)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
7.8974 0 TD
(In February 2009, twin workshops were held by EEA in )Tj
-7.9124 -1 TD
0.195 Tw
(Sandwich and Boston to for the public to review draft work group \(see below )Tj
T*
0.15 Tw
(for a description of the work groups\) maps and products. More than 40 people )Tj
T*
0.195 Tw
(participated in the Sandwich workshop and almost 60 participated in Boston. )Tj
/F8 1 Tf
-1 -1.25 TD
0 Tw
()Tj
/F6 1 Tf
1.015 0 TD
0.3075 Tw
(Stakeholder Meetings)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.2304 0 TD
(During the development of the draft plan, EEA held )Tj
-10.2453 -1 TD
0.0725 Tw
(more than 80 meetings with individual interest groups, advocates, industry rep-)Tj
T*
0.0925 Tw
(resentatives, and others to answer their questions and solicit their direct input. )Tj
T*
0.2075 Tw
(More than 110 people were interviewed through these meeting and summary )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(reports of their comments were posted on the EEA Ocean Plan website. )Tj
/F8 1 Tf
-1 -1.25 TD
0 Tw
()Tj
/F6 1 Tf
1.015 0 TD
0.14 Tw
(OAC Workshop on Preliminary Plan Components)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
23.3637 0 TD
(In May 2009, the OAC held )Tj
-23.3786 -1 TD
0.1275 Tw
(twin workshops in Woods Hole and Boston to discuss preliminary spatial anal-)Tj
T*
0.205 Tw
(ysis of existing ocean management data, compatibility and impact analysis of )Tj
T*
0.1025 Tw
(ocean uses, and conceptual management measures to be used in the Massachu-)Tj
T*
0.1675 Tw
(setts Ocean Management Plan. More than 130 stakeholder representatives at-)Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(tended these workshops. )Tj
-1 -1.5 TD
0.2825 Tw
(To collect and analyze information needed for plan development, EEA worked )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.2325 Tw
(with state agency staff and the Massachusetts Ocean Partnership. Reports stem-)Tj
T*
0.2375 Tw
(ming from these efforts and detailing their results are available electronically at )Tj
/F6 1 Tf
T*
0 Tw
(www.mass.gov/czm/oceanplan/index.htm. )Tj
/F8 1 Tf
1 -1.5 TD
()Tj
/F6 1 Tf
1.015 0 TD
0.08 Tw
(Technical Work Group Reports)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
14.3848 0 TD
(Work groups made up of state agency staff and )Tj
-14.3998 -1 TD
0.1175 Tw
(members from Federal agencies, academia, the renewable energy industry, and )Tj
T*
0.2575 Tw
(non-governmental organizations were charged with assembling available nat-)Tj
T*
0.1025 Tw
(ural resource and human use data to be used in plan development. These work )Tj
T*
0.1625 Tw
(groups were organized topically and covered: habitat; fisheries; transportation, )Tj
T*
0.1775 Tw
(navigation, and infrastructure; sediment; recreation and cultural services; and )Tj
T*
0.385 Tw
(renewable energy. Much of the data used in the ocean management plan )Tj
T*
0.1275 Tw
(stemmed from these work group reports, and members of the habitat and fish-)Tj
T*
0.0725 Tw
(eries work groups formed the core staff that worked on the Ecological Valuation )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(Index \(described more fully in Chapter 3. )Tj
/F8 1 Tf
-1 -1.25 TD
0 Tw
()Tj
/F6 1 Tf
1.015 0 TD
0.2175 Tw
(Qualitative Commercial Fishing Information)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
21.3512 0 TD
(EEA staff met with commercial )Tj
-21.3662 -1 TD
0.13 Tw
(fishermen in meetings coastwide to discuss the development of the ocean man-)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm
1 g
0 Tw
[(VerDate Nov 24 2008 )-1076.9(09:02 Jul 16, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 050769)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00030)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6621)-1076.9(S:\\WPSHR\\GPO\\DOCS\\50769.TXT)-1076.9(SCOM1)-1076.9(PsN: JACKIE)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
106 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/F1 4 0 R
/F5 8 0 R
/F6 14 0 R
/F8 51 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
108 0 obj
<<
/Length 6839
>>
stream
BT
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm
0 g
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
(27 )Tj
8 0 0 8 163 643 Tm
0.175 Tw
(agement plan and concerns of fishermen. At several of these meetings, fisher-)Tj
0 -1.025 TD
(men used maps and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration charts )Tj
T*
0.3225 Tw
(to provide information regarding the locations of particular fisheries in the )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(planning area, type of gear used, and seasonal restrictions. )Tj
/F8 1 Tf
-1 -1.275 TD
0 Tw
()Tj
/F6 1 Tf
1.015 0 TD
0.0875 Tw
(Qualitative Recreational Fishing Information)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
21.1832 0 TD
(The Division of Marine Fisheries )Tj
-21.1982 -1.025 TD
0.1075 Tw
(performed a coast-wide survey of recreational fishing interests to identify areas )Tj
T*
0.07 Tw
(of concentrated recreational fishing activity. While this survey was not designed )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(to be statistically accurate, it provided useful information for planning purposes. )Tj
/F8 1 Tf
-1 -1.275 TD
0 Tw
()Tj
/F6 1 Tf
1.015 0 TD
0.27 Tw
(Qualitative Recreational Use Information)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
19.8977 0 TD
(The Massachusetts Marine Trades )Tj
-19.9127 -1.025 TD
0.2875 Tw
(Association developed a series of maps indicating areas of concentrated rec-)Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(reational activity throughout the planning area. )Tj
/F8 1 Tf
-1 -1.275 TD
0 Tw
()Tj
/F6 1 Tf
1.015 0 TD
0.235 Tw
(Automated Information System \(AIS\))Tj
/F1 1 Tf
17.8697 0 TD
(The Stellwagen Bank National Marine )Tj
-17.8847 -1.025 TD
0.0775 Tw
(Sanctuary provided AIS information for the planning area and adjacent Federal )Tj
T*
0.2 Tw
(waters. This data captures the tracks of commercial vessels greater than 299 )Tj
T*
0.1875 Tw
(tons. This information was digitized with the assistance of the Massachusetts )Tj
T*
0.0675 Tw
(Ocean Partnership and used to identify areas of the planning area used by com-)Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(mercial vessel traffic. )Tj
/F8 1 Tf
-1 -1.275 TD
0 Tw
()Tj
/F6 1 Tf
1.015 0 TD
0.12 Tw
(Vessel Monitoring System \(VMS\))Tj
/F1 1 Tf
15.4488 0 TD
(The Gloucester office of the National Marine )Tj
-15.4638 -1.0125 TD
0.0925 Tw
(Fisheries Service provided VMS information for the planning area and adjacent )Tj
T*
0.22 Tw
(Federal waters, which indicates the tracks of commercial fishing vessels that )Tj
T*
0.2025 Tw
(are fishing in Federal waters. This information was digitized with the assist-)Tj
T*
0.1225 Tw
(ance of the Massachusetts Ocean Partnership and used to identify areas of the )Tj
T*
0.465 Tw
(planning area traversed by commercial fishing vessels fishing in Federal )Tj
T*
0 Tw
(waters. )Tj
/F8 1 Tf
-1 -1.2625 TD
()Tj
/F6 1 Tf
1.015 0 TD
0.2425 Tw
(Assessment of Human Activities in the Planning Area)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
26.2661 0 TD
(Through funding pro-)Tj
-26.2811 -1.0125 TD
0.2775 Tw
(vided by the Massachusetts Ocean Partnership, scientists from the National )Tj
T*
0.25 Tw
(Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis at the University of California/ )Tj
T*
0.1825 Tw
(Santa Barbara mapped the footprint and preliminarily assessed the impact of )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(certain human activities in the planning area. )Tj
/F8 1 Tf
-1 -1.2625 TD
0 Tw
()Tj
/F6 1 Tf
1.015 0 TD
0.24 Tw
(Science Tools to Implement Ecosystem-Based Management in Massachusetts)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
36.7425 0 TD
0 Tw
( )Tj
-36.7575 -1.0125 TD
0.2325 Tw
(Through funding provided by the Massachusetts Ocean Partnership, the con-)Tj
T*
0.1425 Tw
(sulting firm MRAG Americas, Inc. provided an overview and recommendations )Tj
T*
0.36 Tw
(regarding the application of ecosystem-based management principles to the )Tj
T*
0.1075 Tw
(Massachusetts Ocean Management Plan. This report also provided an overview )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(of decision support tools and ecosystem models. )Tj
/F8 1 Tf
-1 -1.2625 TD
0 Tw
()Tj
/F6 1 Tf
1.015 0 TD
0.1575 Tw
(Planning Framework Review)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
13.7028 0 TD
(The Massachusetts Ocean Partnership funded a )Tj
-13.7178 -1.0125 TD
0.1725 Tw
(team of consultants to review ocean management efforts outside of Massachu-)Tj
T*
0.17 Tw
(setts to identify applicable aspects for the approach to the ocean management )Tj
T*
0.23 Tw
(plan. This team provided recommendations for the overall framework for the )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(ocean management plan. )Tj
/F8 1 Tf
-1 -1.2625 TD
0 Tw
()Tj
/F6 1 Tf
1.015 0 TD
0.2325 Tw
(Development of Mitigation Framework Options)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
22.5197 0 TD
(Through funding provided by )Tj
-22.5347 -1.0125 TD
0.0725 Tw
(the Massachusetts Ocean Partnership, the firm IEc reviewed previous ocean de-)Tj
T*
0.0775 Tw
(velopment projects in Massachusetts and interviewed involved parties. The pur-)Tj
T*
0.12 Tw
(pose of this study was to provide recommendations for developing a framework )Tj
T*
0.1525 Tw
(for how to develop an approach to mitigation for ocean development in the fu-)Tj
T*
0 Tw
(ture. )Tj
-1 -1.5125 TD
0.125 Tw
(The basic purpose of the ocean management plan is to translate the policy direc-)Tj
-1 -1.0125 TD
0.1525 Tw
(tion and specific requirements of the Oceans Act into a management plan through )Tj
T*
0.1225 Tw
(a logical, sequential process of developing decision-making guidance for use in ana-)Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(lyzing existing data. )Tj
1 -1.0125 TD
0.145 Tw
(The plan was developed by a sequential process that entailed: \(1\) evaluating the )Tj
-1 -1.0125 TD
0.2725 Tw
(Oceans Act and developing goals and strategies to identify key issues to be ad-)Tj
T*
0.16 Tw
(dressed based on values expressed therein; \(2\) assessing the compatibility and im-)Tj
T*
0.0675 Tw
(pacts of uses, activities, and facilities allowed under the Ocean Sanctuaries Act with )Tj
T*
0.295 Tw
(marine resources and other uses; \(3\) applying the strategies as initial planning )Tj
T*
0.0875 Tw
(guidance to identify appropriate and inappropriate locations for specific uses, activi-)Tj
T*
0.115 Tw
(ties, and facilities; \(4\) correlating the planning guidance with spatial data and gen-)Tj
T*
0.0625 Tw
(erating maps that illustrate impacts associated with uses marine resources; \(5\) eval-)Tj
T*
0.2125 Tw
(uating options for managing uses; and \(6\) developing an ocean management plan )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(that best accomplishes the management plan goals described above. )Tj
1 -1.0125 TD
0.27 Tw
(The overall approach to developing the ocean management plan was therefore )Tj
-1 -1.0125 TD
0.105 Tw
(framed by the 15 core requirements and other substantive and procedural elements )Tj
T*
0.115 Tw
(of the Oceans Act, including the independent status of commercial and recreational )Tj
T*
0.2025 Tw
(fishing, the requirement that the plan be revised no less frequently than every 5 )Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm
1 g
0 Tw
[(VerDate Nov 24 2008 )-1076.9(09:02 Jul 16, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 050769)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00031)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6621)-1076.9(S:\\WPSHR\\GPO\\DOCS\\50769.TXT)-1076.9(SCOM1)-1076.9(PsN: JACKIE)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
109 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/F1 4 0 R
/F5 8 0 R
/F6 14 0 R
/F8 51 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
112 0 obj
<<
/Length 7133
>>
stream
BT
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm
0 g
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
(28 )Tj
8 0 0 8 147 643 Tm
0.0625 Tw
(years, and the consultative roles of the Ocean Advisory Commission and Science Ad-)Tj
0 -1 TD
0.0525 Tw
(visory Council. Important additional considerations included: )Tj
/F8 1 Tf
1 -1.5 TD
0 Tw
()Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1.015 0 TD
0.0525 Tw
(Vested public interest in the development of the draft plan; )Tj
/F8 1 Tf
-1.015 -1.25 TD
0 Tw
()Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1.015 0 TD
0.1175 Tw
(The amount of data and information either immediately available or able to be )Tj
-0.015 -1 TD
0.0525 Tw
(acquired within the schedule for the draft plan; )Tj
/F8 1 Tf
-1 -1.25 TD
0 Tw
()Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1.015 0 TD
0.1625 Tw
(Principles and practices of marine spatial planning and ecosystem-based man-)Tj
-0.015 -1 TD
0 Tw
(agement; )Tj
/F8 1 Tf
-1 -1.25 TD
()Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1.015 0 TD
0.0525 Tw
(Existing law and policy; and )Tj
/F8 1 Tf
-1.015 -1.25 TD
0 Tw
()Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1.015 0 TD
0.2525 Tw
(The degree of change in current management practices necessary to address )Tj
-0.015 -1 TD
0.2975 Tw
(current challenges, justifiable by available information, and reasonable as a )Tj
T*
0.1775 Tw
(first response to the Ocean Acts comprehensive expression of the public trust )Tj
T*
0 Tw
(doctrine. )Tj
-1 -1.5 TD
0.1375 Tw
(To begin developing the ocean management plan and understanding the require-)Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.125 Tw
(ments of the Oceans Act, the 15 requirements of the Oceans Act were organized in )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(generally common themes as illustrated below. )Tj
ET
0 G
0 J 0 j 0.4 w 10 M []0 d
1 i
147 508.8 m
465 508.8 l
S
BT
/F6 1 Tf
6 0 0 6 266.3 500.9 Tm
0.0567 Tw
(Governance and Management )Tj
ET
0.5 w
147 496.5 m
465 496.5 l
S
0.4 w
147.2 494.2 m
147.2 509 l
464.8 494.2 m
464.8 509 l
S
BT
/F1 1 Tf
6 0 0 6 150.9 486.7 Tm
0.1333 Tw
(Set forth the Commonwealths goals, siting priorities and standards for ensuring effective stewardship of its )Tj
0 -1.1667 TD
0.0567 Tw
(ocean waters held in trust for the benefit of the public )Tj
ET
0.5 w
147 475.3 m
465 475.3 l
S
0.4 w
147.2 473 m
147.2 496.5 l
464.8 473 m
464.8 496.5 l
S
BT
6 0 0 6 150.9 465.5 Tm
(Coordinate uses that include international, Federal, state, and local jurisdictions )Tj
ET
0.5 w
147 461.1 m
465 461.1 l
S
0.4 w
147.2 458.8 m
147.2 475.3 l
464.8 458.8 m
464.8 475.3 l
S
BT
6 0 0 6 150.9 451.3 Tm
(Adhere to sound management practices, taking into account the existing natural, social, cultural, historic, and )Tj
T*
(economic characteristics of the planning areas )Tj
ET
0.5 w
147 439.9 m
465 439.9 l
S
0.4 w
147.2 437.6 m
147.2 461.1 l
464.8 437.6 m
464.8 461.1 l
S
BT
6 0 0 6 150.9 430.1 Tm
(Adapt to evolving knowledge and understanding of the ocean environment )Tj
ET
0.5 w
147 425.7 m
465 425.7 l
S
0.4 w
147.2 423.4 m
147.2 439.9 l
464.8 423.4 m
464.8 439.9 l
S
BT
6 0 0 6 150.9 415.9 Tm
(Facilitate public participation in decision-making )Tj
ET
0.5 w
147 411.5 m
465 411.5 l
S
0.4 w
147.2 409.2 m
147.2 425.7 l
464.8 409.2 m
464.8 425.7 l
S
BT
6 0 0 6 150.9 401.7 Tm
(Preserve and protect the public trust )Tj
ET
0.5 w
147 397.3 m
465 397.3 l
S
0.4 w
147.2 395 m
147.2 411.5 l
464.8 395 m
464.8 411.5 l
S
BT
/F6 1 Tf
6 0 0 6 280.08 387.5 Tm
(Natural Ecosystems )Tj
ET
0.5 w
147 383.1 m
465 383.1 l
S
0.4 w
147.2 380.8 m
147.2 397.3 l
464.8 380.8 m
464.8 397.3 l
S
BT
/F1 1 Tf
6 0 0 6 150.9 373.3 Tm
(Value biodiversity and ecosystem health )Tj
ET
0.5 w
147 368.9 m
465 368.9 l
S
0.4 w
147.2 366.6 m
147.2 383.1 l
464.8 366.6 m
464.8 383.1 l
S
BT
6 0 0 6 150.9 359.1 Tm
(Respect the interdependence of ecosystems )Tj
ET
0.5 w
147 354.7 m
465 354.7 l
S
0.4 w
147.2 352.4 m
147.2 368.9 l
464.8 352.4 m
464.8 368.9 l
S
BT
6 0 0 6 150.9 344.9 Tm
(Address climate change and sea-level rise )Tj
ET
0.5 w
147 340.5 m
465 340.5 l
S
0.4 w
147.2 338.2 m
147.2 354.7 l
464.8 338.2 m
464.8 354.7 l
S
BT
6 0 0 6 150.9 330.7 Tm
(Identify and protect special, sensitive, or unique estuarine and marine life and habitats )Tj
ET
0.5 w
147 326.3 m
465 326.3 l
S
0.4 w
147.2 324 m
147.2 340.5 l
464.8 324 m
464.8 340.5 l
S
BT
/F6 1 Tf
6 0 0 6 289.76 316.5 Tm
(Human Uses )Tj
ET
0.5 w
147 312.1 m
465 312.1 l
S
0.4 w
147.2 309.8 m
147.2 326.3 l
464.8 309.8 m
464.8 326.3 l
S
BT
/F1 1 Tf
6 0 0 6 150.9 302.3 Tm
0.1267 Tw
(Identify appropriate locations and performance standards for activities, uses, and facilities allowed in Ocean )Tj
T*
0 Tw
(Sanctuaries )Tj
ET
0.5 w
147 290.9 m
465 290.9 l
S
0.4 w
147.2 288.6 m
147.2 312.1 l
464.8 288.6 m
464.8 312.1 l
S
BT
6 0 0 6 150.9 281.1 Tm
0.1433 Tw
(Foster sustainable uses that capitalize on economic opportunity without significant detriment to the ecology )Tj
T*
0.0567 Tw
(or natural beauty of the ocean )Tj
ET
0.5 w
147 269.7 m
465 269.7 l
S
0.4 w
147.2 267.4 m
147.2 290.9 l
464.8 267.4 m
464.8 290.9 l
S
BT
6 0 0 6 150.9 259.9 Tm
0.33 Tw
(Support the infrastructure necessary to sustain the economy and quality of life for the citizens of the )Tj
T*
0 Tw
(Commonwealth )Tj
ET
0.5 w
147 248.5 m
465 248.5 l
S
0.4 w
147.2 246.2 m
147.2 269.7 l
464.8 246.2 m
464.8 269.7 l
S
BT
6 0 0 6 150.9 238.7 Tm
0.3733 Tw
(Reflect the importance of the waters of the Commonwealth to its citizens who derive livelihoods and )Tj
T*
0.0567 Tw
(recreational benefits from fishing )Tj
ET
0.5 w
147 227.3 m
465 227.3 l
S
0.4 w
147.2 225 m
147.2 248.5 l
464.8 225 m
464.8 248.5 l
S
BT
6 0 0 6 150.9 217.5 Tm
(Preserve and enhance public access )Tj
ET
147.2 217.5 m
147.2 227.3 l
464.8 217.5 m
464.8 227.3 l
147.02 213.1 m
465.02 213.1 l
147.2 213.1 m
147.2 217.5 l
464.8 213.1 m
464.8 217.5 l
S
BT
8 0 0 8 155 201.1 Tm
0.17 Tw
(This organization by general theme was further refined by addressing the ques-)Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.2225 Tw
(tions: What central principles does the Oceans Act establish? What are the most )Tj
T*
0.18 Tw
(specific, important things that the Act requires the plan to do? How can the plan )Tj
T*
0.215 Tw
(best accomplish those things in the context of the other important considerations )Tj
T*
0.3125 Tw
(described above? To respond to these questions, the following subjects were re-)Tj
T*
0.1175 Tw
(viewed: the Oceans Act requirements, the current state of knowledge of the marine )Tj
T*
0.065 Tw
(environment and its uses, consideration of the preferred management approach \(dis-)Tj
T*
0.0925 Tw
(cussed above\), and public and stakeholder comment including input from the Ocean )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(Advisory Commission. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.0775 Tw
(This review led to the development of the following framework for the ocean man-)Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.1225 Tw
(agement plan: specific )Tj
/F6 1 Tf
10.9053 0 TD
0 Tw
(goals )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
2.7885 0 TD
0.1225 Tw
(describe what the ocean plan should achieve\); )Tj
/F6 1 Tf
22.2482 0 TD
0 Tw
(findings )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
-35.942 -1 TD
0.325 Tw
(summarize conditions, issues, and desired future conditions associated with the )Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm
1 g
0 Tw
[(VerDate Nov 24 2008 )-1076.9(09:02 Jul 16, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 050769)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00032)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6621)-1076.9(S:\\WPSHR\\GPO\\DOCS\\50769.TXT)-1076.9(SCOM1)-1076.9(PsN: JACKIE)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
113 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/F1 4 0 R
/F5 8 0 R
/F6 14 0 R
/F8 51 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
115 0 obj
<<
/Length 6813
>>
stream
BT
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm
0 g
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
(29 )Tj
8 0 0 8 147 643 Tm
(goals; )Tj
/F6 1 Tf
3.112 0 TD
(strategies )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
4.8309 0 TD
0.185 Tw
(describe the information and process needed to achieve the goals; )Tj
-7.9429 -1 TD
0 Tw
(and )Tj
/F6 1 Tf
2.0715 0 TD
(outcomes )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
4.5144 0 TD
0.0525 Tw
(define the final product that achieves the goals. )Tj
-5.5859 -1 TD
0.315 Tw
(The four goals established in the ocean management plan are: \(1\) integrated )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.2025 Tw
(ocean management; \(2\) good stewardshipprotection of the marine ecosystem; \(3\) )Tj
T*
0.0725 Tw
(good stewardshiphuman use of the marine ecosystem, and \(4\) an adaptive founda-)Tj
T*
0.1925 Tw
(tion for ocean management in the future. These goals reflect the highest priority, )Tj
T*
0.1 Tw
(basic elements needed to be responsive to the Act and provide the basis for ongoing )Tj
T*
0.1425 Tw
(work. For each of the goals, there is an accompanying outcome for the ocean man-)Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(agement plan to achieve. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.11 Tw
(Findings provide summary characterizations of conditions, issues, and desired fu-)Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.125 Tw
(ture conditions associated with each of the goals and also provide a general ration-)Tj
T*
0.3325 Tw
(ale for the selection of particular strategies. Findings are based on the under-)Tj
T*
0.15 Tw
(standing of the ocean ecosystem, human uses and natural resources in the marine )Tj
T*
0.1375 Tw
(environment, stakeholder comment, and the Ocean Act requirements and other ex-)Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(isting laws, policies, and regulations regarding ocean resources and uses. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.21 Tw
(These goals and their associated strategies and findings provide the foundation )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.23 Tw
(for the Massachusetts Ocean Management Plan. The next step in developing the )Tj
T*
0.185 Tw
(plan was to apply the decision-making guidance supplied by the goals and strate-)Tj
T*
0.1875 Tw
(gies. This step occurred through the development of compatibility assessment and )Tj
T*
0.1175 Tw
(application of this assessment using existing data, as discussed in the next section. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.1125 Tw
(Uses, activities, and facilities allowed by the Ocean Sanctuaries Act, as described )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.145 Tw
(below, were analyzed to determine the degree to which they are incompatible with )Tj
T*
0.2175 Tw
(marine resources and other uses, activities, and facilities based on: \(1\) functional )Tj
T*
0.1475 Tw
(incompatibility \()Tj
/F6 1 Tf
7.7784 0 TD
0 Tw
(e.g., )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
2.2405 0 TD
0.1475 Tw
(two uses that cannot physically occupy the same location\); \(2\) )Tj
-10.0189 -1 TD
0.2025 Tw
(the significance of potential impacts to natural resources that have special status )Tj
T*
0.1825 Tw
(under existing law and policy \()Tj
/F6 1 Tf
15.1173 0 TD
0 Tw
(e.g., )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
2.2755 0 TD
0.1825 Tw
(a use that could have significant impacts to a )Tj
-17.3928 -1 TD
0.1525 Tw
(Special Aquatic Site protected by the Clean Water Act\); and \(3\) the significance of )Tj
T*
0.1775 Tw
(potential impact to values expressed in the Oceans Act \()Tj
/F6 1 Tf
27.5071 0 TD
0 Tw
(e.g., )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
2.2705 0 TD
0.1775 Tw
(areas of high fishing )Tj
-29.7776 -1 TD
0.0525 Tw
(effort and value\). )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.205 Tw
(Once these planning criteria were defined, they were then correlated with data )Tj
-1 -1 TD
(layers to represent the location and extent of human uses and natural resources. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.15 Tw
(Uses and special status resources were then mapped by category of potential in-)Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.0725 Tw
(compatibility or impact. These initial maps served two purposes: first, they provided )Tj
T*
(the basis for screening and identification of areas suitable areas for large-scale wind )Tj
T*
0.2075 Tw
(energy development; and second, they provided the basis for considering manage-)Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(ment and regulatory options to be implemented by the ocean management plan. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.315 Tw
(The maps resulting from the compatibility assessment analyses conducted for )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.105 Tw
(each category of use, activity, and facility allowed under the Ocean Sanctuaries Act )Tj
T*
0.1675 Tw
(formed the basis for consideration of planning and management options that were )Tj
T*
0.1575 Tw
(reviewed and discussed with the Ocean Advisory Commission. Three general man-)Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(agement options were considered: )Tj
2 -1.5 TD
0.1025 Tw
(1. Regulate as now, using ocean data for alternatives analysis and performance )Tj
0 -1 TD
0.0525 Tw
(standards in permit conditions; )Tj
T*
0.1875 Tw
(2. Designate specific areas for individual use based on data and compatibility )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(assessment criteria; or )Tj
T*
0.1025 Tw
(3. Apply a hybrid approach to: \(1\) designate areas for uses with potentially sig-)Tj
T*
0.2575 Tw
(nificant impacts for which EEA has good data; and \(2\) identify exclusionary )Tj
T*
0.16 Tw
(areas, defined by resources and uses subject to likely or significant incompati-)Tj
T*
0.2375 Tw
(bility or impact, applicable to spatially indeterminate uses or uses for which )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(EEA has poorer data. )Tj
-1 -1.5 TD
(The management options were evaluated based on their ability to: )Tj
/F8 1 Tf
T*
0 Tw
()Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1.015 0 TD
0.0525 Tw
(Advance the interests of the Oceans Act; )Tj
/F8 1 Tf
-1.015 -1.25 TD
0 Tw
()Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1.015 0 TD
0.0525 Tw
(Protect the marine environment; )Tj
/F8 1 Tf
-1.015 -1.25 TD
0 Tw
()Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1.015 0 TD
0.0525 Tw
(Avoid and minimize conflict with existing water-dependent uses; )Tj
/F8 1 Tf
-1.015 -1.25 TD
0 Tw
()Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1.015 0 TD
0.0875 Tw
(Provide flexibility for new uses and future changes to management based on an )Tj
-0.015 -1 TD
0.3125 Tw
(increasing understanding of the marine environment, new technologies, and )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(evolving social values; )Tj
/F8 1 Tf
-1 -1.25 TD
0 Tw
()Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1.015 0 TD
0.1425 Tw
(Apply management and regulatory limits that can be substantiated by current )Tj
-0.015 -1 TD
0 Tw
(data; )Tj
/F8 1 Tf
-1 -1.25 TD
()Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1.015 0 TD
0.225 Tw
(Use and streamline existing law and regulation to allow regulatory decisions )Tj
-0.015 -1 TD
0.0525 Tw
(appropriate to the scale of potential impact; )Tj
/F8 1 Tf
-1 -1.25 TD
0 Tw
()Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1.015 0 TD
0.0525 Tw
(Employ new data and information within an adaptive framework )Tj
-1.015 -1.5 TD
0.1425 Tw
(As the management options for uses were being developed, in a parallel process, )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.065 Tw
(options for identifying and protecting special, sensitive, or unique marine and estua-)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm
1 g
0 Tw
[(VerDate Nov 24 2008 )-1076.9(09:02 Jul 16, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 050769)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00033)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6621)-1076.9(S:\\WPSHR\\GPO\\DOCS\\50769.TXT)-1076.9(SCOM1)-1076.9(PsN: JACKIE)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
116 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/F1 4 0 R
/F5 8 0 R
/F6 14 0 R
/F8 51 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
118 0 obj
<<
/Length 6761
>>
stream
BT
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm
0 g
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
(30 )Tj
8 0 0 8 147 643 Tm
0.1725 Tw
(rine life and habitats was conducted \(as required by the Oceans Act\). Members of )Tj
0 -0.9875 TD
0.0725 Tw
(the Habitat and Fisheries Work Groups convened to develop an approach to address )Tj
T*
0.27 Tw
(the requirements of the Oceans Act to identify and protect special, sensitive, or )Tj
T*
0.26 Tw
(unique areas by developing the concept, methodology, and data for an ecological )Tj
T*
0.09 Tw
(valuation index \(EVI\). The EVI is an attempt to systematically evaluate the ecology )Tj
T*
0.0575 Tw
(of Massachusetts waters using available data. The EVI was conceived and developed )Tj
T*
0.125 Tw
(to be responsive to the directives of the Oceans Act, to incorporate existing ecologi-)Tj
T*
0.0825 Tw
(cal knowledge and data \(qualitative and quantitative, as available and appropriate\), )Tj
T*
0.1775 Tw
(and to be scientifically defensible and rigorous in approach. Not all data compiled )Tj
T*
0.055 Tw
(by the Habitat and Fisheries Work Groups were used in the EVI development. Some )Tj
T*
0.07 Tw
(data sets were spatially and/or temporarily incomplete and had limitations that pre-)Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(cluded their use in this process. )Tj
1 -0.9875 TD
0.185 Tw
(As a brief overview, the EVI begins with a compilation and analysis of existing )Tj
-1 -0.9875 TD
0.175 Tw
(spatial data regarding species occurring in the ocean planning area. Data for four )Tj
T*
0.265 Tw
(marine mammal species, five bird species, five crustacean species, eight mollusk )Tj
T*
0.2825 Tw
(species, and 22 fish species were incorporated into the EVI. Individual datasets )Tj
T*
0.0725 Tw
(were then rated according to a standard set of ecological criteria \(major contribution )Tj
T*
0.1 Tw
(to survival/health of population, spatial rarity, and global and regional importance\). )Tj
T*
0.085 Tw
(The planning area was gridded into 250-meter cells and the values for each cell cal-)Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(culated based on the sum of the rankings of the dataset present in each cell. )Tj
1 -0.9875 TD
0.155 Tw
(The intent of the EVI was to develop a scientifically defensible approach for dif-)Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.2225 Tw
(ferentiating areas in terms of their ecological value. Such a differentiation would )Tj
T*
0.105 Tw
(support efforts to identify locations appropriate for particular uses and to designate )Tj
T*
0.1025 Tw
(special, sensitive, or unique areas of life and habitat, pursuant to the Oceans Act. )Tj
T*
0.1125 Tw
(Because it was a multi-species approach by design, it was also a step toward incor-)Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(porating an ecosystem-based perspective into the ocean management plan. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.335 Tw
(Limitations of the EVI included data availability \(data for certain species or )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.0875 Tw
(guilds are not available\) and the spatial resolution of certain data leading to limita-)Tj
T*
0.2425 Tw
(tions on the conclusions that could be drawn. Additionally, our understanding of )Tj
T*
0.1375 Tw
(ocean habitats and species habitat requirements is continually evolving, as are the )Tj
T*
0.08 Tw
(related data available to managers. The development of the EVI provided important )Tj
T*
0.2075 Tw
(information for use in ocean management plan specifically regarding how special, )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(sensitive, or unique areas are identified and protected. )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
0 -1.5 TD
0.045 Tw
(Current Status of Planning )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1 -1.25 TD
0.105 Tw
(A public review draft of the ocean plan is due on June 30, 2009. Following public )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.2075 Tw
(hearings and legislative review, the ocean plan will be promulgated by December )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(31, 2009. )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
0 -1.5 TD
0.045 Tw
(Lessons Learned to Date )Tj
/F8 1 Tf
1 -1.25 TD
0 Tw
()Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1.015 0 TD
0.095 Tw
(Marine spatial planning cannot occur in the absence of data to characterize the )Tj
-0.015 -1 TD
0.1575 Tw
(human and natural components of the marine ecosystem. Comprehensive data )Tj
T*
0.2175 Tw
(is not necessary, but a minimum requirement is sufficient data to accurately )Tj
T*
0.2 Tw
(characterize baseline environmental and human use conditions. Baseline data )Tj
T*
0.14 Tw
(can be derived from data of varying temporal and spatial scale and resolution. )Tj
/F8 1 Tf
-1 -1.25 TD
0 Tw
()Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1.015 0 TD
0.24 Tw
(Marine spatial planning is extremely time and labor intensive and sufficient )Tj
-0.015 -1 TD
0.2275 Tw
(staff and agency resources are required to address data, public participation, )Tj
T*
0.195 Tw
(and planning needs. The Massachusetts planning process was fortunate to be )Tj
T*
0.075 Tw
(supported by the Massachusetts Ocean Partnership, with funding from the Gor-)Tj
T*
0.1675 Tw
(don and Betty Moore Foundation. This support allowed us to benefit from ap-)Tj
T*
0.2525 Tw
(plied planning research, develop significant new data, and greatly facilitated )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(public and stakeholder participation. )Tj
/F8 1 Tf
-1 -1.25 TD
0 Tw
()Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1.015 0 TD
0.055 Tw
(A related point is that for marine spatial planning, process is substance. Acquir-)Tj
-0.015 -1 TD
0.1825 Tw
(ing, analyzing, presenting, and, based on feedback, revising information in an )Tj
T*
0.2575 Tw
(iterative process with public, stakeholder and decision-making audiences has )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(been a fundamental component of developing our ocean plan. )Tj
/F8 1 Tf
-1 -1.25 TD
0 Tw
()Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1.015 0 TD
0.265 Tw
(The principles and practices of marine spatial planning must be interpreted )Tj
-0.015 -1 TD
0.2125 Tw
(within the specific political, legal, social, and environmental context in which )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(it is applied. )Tj
/F8 1 Tf
-1 -1.25 TD
0 Tw
()Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1.015 0 TD
0.3075 Tw
(Marine spatial planning and, particularly, ecosystem-based management ad-)Tj
-0.015 -1 TD
0.095 Tw
(dress complex systems about which much is poorly understood or unknown. We )Tj
T*
0.2075 Tw
(have not let absence of knowledge be an excuse to not take action. However, )Tj
T*
0.125 Tw
(a key principle has been to continually review our planning material to ensure )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(that management decisions can be substantiated by available information. )Tj
/F8 1 Tf
-1 -1.25 TD
0 Tw
()Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1.015 0 TD
0.1425 Tw
(Similarly, we have not let the perfect be the enemy of the good, and have em-)Tj
-0.015 -1 TD
0.195 Tw
(braced the ambitious schedule established by the Oceans Act as the basis for )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(establishing an adaptive framework for future planning. )Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm
1 g
0 Tw
[(VerDate Nov 24 2008 )-1076.9(09:02 Jul 16, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 050769)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00034)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6621)-1076.9(S:\\WPSHR\\GPO\\DOCS\\50769.TXT)-1076.9(SCOM1)-1076.9(PsN: JACKIE)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
119 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/F1 4 0 R
/F5 8 0 R
/F7 24 0 R
/F8 51 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
121 0 obj
<<
/Length 4946
>>
stream
BT
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm
0 g
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
(31 )Tj
/F8 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 155 643 Tm
()Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1.015 0 TD
0.1775 Tw
(Last, the need for the coordinated and supportive participation of the Federal )Tj
-0.015 -0.9875 TD
0.0575 Tw
(agencies cannot be overstated. To successfully support local and regional marine )Tj
T*
0.15 Tw
(spatial planning initiatives, we strongly believe that the National Oceanic and )Tj
T*
0.325 Tw
(Atmospheric Administration should have a centralized, coordinating Federal )Tj
T*
0.14 Tw
(role in working with states and regions to advance Federal, regional and state )Tj
T*
0.1025 Tw
(marine spatial planning policy and implementation. NOAA is operationally and )Tj
T*
0.135 Tw
(administratively well suited for this position by virtue of its expertise and role )Tj
T*
0.1725 Tw
(in providing data, technical services, research and coordination across Federal )Tj
T*
0.225 Tw
(agencies related to climate and weather, ocean and coastal services, charting )Tj
T*
0.2225 Tw
(and observation, fisheries and marine resources, and regional and state rela-)Tj
T*
0 Tw
(tionships. )Tj
10 0 0 10 157 546.1 Tm
0.052 Tw
(Senator C)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 203.8193 546.1 Tm
0 Tw
(ANTWELL)Tj
10 0 0 10 245.7466 546.1 Tm
0.052 Tw
(. Thank you, Mr. Babb-Brott. )Tj
-8.8747 -0.99 TD
0.186 Tw
(And now, our last witness, Dr. Kempton, thank you very much )Tj
-1 -0.99 TD
0.1 Tw
(for being here and for your contributions to the oceans and the en-)Tj
T*
0 Tw
(vironment. )Tj
1 -0.99 TD
0.052 Tw
(Thank you. )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 198.16 490.3 Tm
0.0422 Tw
(STATEMENT OF WILLETT KEMPTON, P)Tj
7.2 0 0 6.9489 392.624 490.3 Tm
0 Tw
(H)Tj
9 0 0 9 398.8881 490.3 Tm
(.D., )Tj
-26.8476 -1.0222 TD
0.0422 Tw
(ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, COLLEGE OF EARTH, OCEAN AND )Tj
-0.6778 -1.0222 TD
(ENVIRONMENT, AND DIRECTOR, CENTER FOR CARBON-FREE )Tj
0.5933 -1.0222 TD
(POWER INTEGRATION, UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE; CHAIR, )Tj
0.1667 -1.0222 TD
(R&D SUBCOMMITTEE, OFFSHORE WIND WORKING GROUP, )Tj
5.1133 -1.0222 TD
(AMERICAN WIND ENERGY ASSOCIATION )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 157 430.4 Tm
0.11 Tw
(Dr. K)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 183.6596 430.4 Tm
0 Tw
(EMPTON)Tj
10 0 0 10 220.403 430.4 Tm
0.11 Tw
(. Thank you, Madam Chair and Senator Snowe, for )Tj
-7.3403 -0.99 TD
0.052 Tw
(the opportunity to testify today. )Tj
1 -0.99 TD
0.13 Tw
(My topic that I was asked to speak on is offshore renewable en-)Tj
-1 -0.99 TD
0.118 Tw
(ergy. To evaluate ocean energy, we need to know the resource size )Tj
T*
0.068 Tw
(in order to evaluate its significance to the economy and to the envi-)Tj
T*
0.408 Tw
(ronment. Unfortunately, careful resource assessments have not )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(been done for any ocean energy sources other than oil and gas. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.152 Tw
(Using imprecise EPRI and DOE estimatesin my written testi-)Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.144 Tw
(mony I cover this in more detailbut let us compare the U.S. en-)Tj
T*
0.184 Tw
(ergy use and electricity, 419 gigawatts. That is 419 large nuclear )Tj
T*
0.284 Tw
(power plants. I am taking Senator Snowes way of describing a )Tj
T*
0 Tw
(gigawatt. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.468 Tw
(The offshore wind resource, using the same metric, is 450 )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.154 Tw
(gigawatts. That is, it is greater than the entire electric use of the )Tj
T*
0.208 Tw
(country. That is by a DOE estimate, which, I believe, is low. All )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(other offshore renewable energy is about 50 gigawatts. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.112 Tw
(Offshore oil extracted over 20 years and converted into electrical )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.172 Tw
(units is 185 gigawatts. So the offshore wind resource is twice the )Tj
T*
0.194 Tw
(offshore oil resource. By this DOE estimate, it is about the same )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(as our countrys electrical use. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.214 Tw
(So we hear lists of offshore renewable energy, and we want to )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.162 Tw
(develop research on many of those and develop devices. But if we )Tj
T*
0.122 Tw
(want to deal with carbon dioxide and have a large offshore renew-)Tj
T*
0.164 Tw
(able energy industry, we have to focus on offshore wind, as I will )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(in my comments that follow. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.062 Tw
(Current offshore wind technology, developed primarily in Europe, )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.36 Tw
(is immediately applicable to areas with shallow waterthat is )Tj
T*
0.08 Tw
(under 100 feet of depthno hurricanes and no ice. That means the )Tj
T*
0.144 Tw
(Northeast, shallower waters of the West Coast, and some areas of )Tj
T*
0.268 Tw
(the Great Lakes. As the industry develops products which over-)Tj
T*
0.166 Tw
(come these conditions, which I believe will happen in the next 10 )Tj
T*
0.194 Tw
(to 15 years, all U.S. coastal areas will be potential offshore wind )Tj
T*
0 Tw
(sites. )Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm
1 g
[(VerDate Nov 24 2008 )-1076.9(09:02 Jul 16, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 050769)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00035)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(S:\\WPSHR\\GPO\\DOCS\\50769.TXT)-1076.9(SCOM1)-1076.9(PsN: JACKIE)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
122 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/F1 4 0 R
/F5 8 0 R
/F7 24 0 R
/F8 51 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
124 0 obj
<<
/Length 5036
>>
stream
BT
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm
0 g
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
(32 )Tj
-14.344 -2 TD
0.138 Tw
(There are environmental impacts of offshore wind and of all en-)Tj
-1 -1.02 TD
0.128 Tw
(ergy forms. Just as an example, I will describe an analysis we did )Tj
T*
0.17 Tw
(of a 600-megawatt offshore wind farm proposed for Delaware. Six )Tj
T*
0.214 Tw
(hundred megawatts in comparison to Delaware would provide 17 )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(percent of the States electricity. )Tj
1 -1.02 TD
0.326 Tw
(Negative impacts included bird kills. We took worst-case sce-)Tj
-1 -1.02 TD
0.058 Tw
(narios. Suppose everybody got it wrong, and they put it right in the )Tj
T*
0.17 Tw
(middle of a flyway. We estimated 240 birds killed per year under )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(that scenario. More likely, it would be 20 to 50. )Tj
1 -1.02 TD
0.106 Tw
(There is a viewshed impact, which didnt seem to concern people )Tj
-1 -1.02 TD
0.298 Tw
(in Delaware as much as it has in another state further to our )Tj
T*
0.14 Tw
(north. But let us look at the positive impacts because you have to )Tj
T*
0.08 Tw
(really look at the balance. It is the positive impacts minus the neg-)Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(ative impacts. )Tj
1 -1.02 TD
0.064 Tw
(Overall human health benefit of this project due to reduced emis-)Tj
-1 -1.02 TD
0.084 Tw
(sions of existing power plants was $53 million per year, broken out )Tj
T*
0.262 Tw
(into 10 to 12 human deaths prevented per year, 203 emergency )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(room visits avoided, 5,000 asthma attacks avoided, and so forth. )Tj
1 -1.02 TD
0.206 Tw
(Looking at plant cooling water from our current power produc-)Tj
-1 -1.02 TD
0.244 Tw
(tion facilitiesagain, they are shut down part of the time when )Tj
T*
0.13 Tw
(you have a large wind farm added600,000 fish fry and yearlings )Tj
T*
0.236 Tw
(saved from death in power plant cooling per year. So comparing )Tj
T*
0.18 Tw
(that against maybe 20 to 50 bird kills. A 17 percent reduction in )Tj
T*
0.068 Tw
(power plant CO)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
7.78 0 0 6.5 221.3289 405.2406 Tm
0 Tw
(2)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 228.679 406.4 Tm
0.068 Tw
(emissions statewide. So those are the overall posi-)Tj
-8.1679 -1.02 TD
0.052 Tw
(tive and negative environmental impacts. )Tj
1 -1.02 TD
0.218 Tw
(I didnt talk much about CO)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
7.78 0 0 6.5 297.738 384.8406 Tm
0 Tw
(2)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 306.5881 386 Tm
0.218 Tw
(reduction, but if you look at off-)Tj
-15.9588 -1.02 TD
0.054 Tw
(shore wind at a national and regional basis in terms of CO)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
7.78 0 0 6.5 423.1759 374.6406 Tm
0 Tw
(2)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 427.0659 375.8 Tm
0.054 Tw
(, it boils )Tj
-28.0066 -1.02 TD
0.236 Tw
(down to this. Offshore wind today is the only power source that )Tj
T*
0.178 Tw
(coastal States have at hand at a scale that can significantly slow )Tj
T*
0 Tw
(CO)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
7.78 0 0 6.5 161.9997 344.0406 Tm
(2)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 170.5698 345.2 Tm
0.19 Tw
(emissions and at moderate cost. That is cost close to todays )Tj
-2.357 -1.02 TD
0.09 Tw
(cost of power in coastal areas in the East at least, and that is with )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(a nascent industry. )Tj
1 -1.02 TD
0.344 Tw
(I will discuss State and Federal permitting processes briefly, )Tj
-1 -1.02 TD
0.128 Tw
(identification of optimal sites. We have observed a process of pick-)Tj
T*
0.266 Tw
(ing sites and negotiating with state governments and publics in )Tj
T*
(Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, and Dela-)Tj
T*
0.248 Tw
(ware. The process that has occurred in most of those areas, the )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(State has requested power bids. )Tj
1 -1.02 TD
0.076 Tw
(Massachusetts is the exception, where the developer came in and )Tj
-1 -1.02 TD
0.176 Tw
(just said we want to use this block of water. In all others, it has )Tj
T*
0.138 Tw
(been driven, first, by the state government. Then applicantsthat )Tj
T*
0.218 Tw
(is, developersapply, seek information, investigate locations, and )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(then propose two or more site options. )Tj
1 -1.02 TD
0.214 Tw
(The next step is that State environmental and power planning )Tj
-1 -1.02 TD
0.07 Tw
(officials recommend for or against these developer proposed sites in )Tj
T*
0.19 Tw
(contract terms. Then if the State process is successful, it goes on )Tj
T*
0.21 Tw
(to the Federal process, and then, thus, allocation of water space. )Tj
T*
0.186 Tw
(And upon successful completion of environmental permits and re-)Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(views, financing, then the project is built. )Tj
1 -1.01 TD
0.248 Tw
(I describe in more detail in my written testimony the concern )Tj
-1 -1.01 TD
0.112 Tw
(that our analysis raises with a competitive process going on at the )Tj
T*
0.254 Tw
(State level over power, the lowest-cost power and some environ-)Tj
T*
0.062 Tw
(mental review by State coastal managers, then getting handed over )Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm
1 g
0 Tw
[(VerDate Nov 24 2008 )-1076.9(09:02 Jul 16, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 050769)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00036)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(S:\\WPSHR\\GPO\\DOCS\\50769.TXT)-1076.9(SCOM1)-1076.9(PsN: JACKIE)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
125 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/F1 4 0 R
/F5 8 0 R
/F10 82 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
127 0 obj
<<
/Length 7183
>>
stream
BT
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm
0 g
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
(33 )Tj
-15.344 -2 TD
0.066 Tw
(to MMS, which is requiring by law a competitive process in bidding )Tj
0 -0.99 TD
0.052 Tw
(for water. )Tj
1 -0.99 TD
0.092 Tw
(So you could have a developer that has a contract for power that )Tj
-1 -0.99 TD
0.11 Tw
(has been approved by one environmental process then going into a )Tj
T*
0.132 Tw
(second competitive process for water space, where they could have )Tj
T*
0.15 Tw
(a speculator bidding against them and really couldnt do anything )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(with it, but would make it difficult to continue that process. )Tj
1 -0.99 TD
0.114 Tw
(So I would ask that that might be something that would be con-)Tj
-1 -0.99 TD
0.188 Tw
(sidered as an amendment to the authorizing law for the MMS to )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(site offshore renewables. )Tj
1 -0.99 TD
0.142 Tw
(I think I will have to have a longer discussion. Maybe at lunch, )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.15 Tw
(Mr. Babb-Brott and I could talk about spatial planning. I think it )Tj
T*
0.12 Tw
(is a useful planning exercise. I think it is very important to do, as )Tj
T*
0.144 Tw
(he has, leave the majority of planning area unallocated. I think it )Tj
T*
0.228 Tw
(is very hard to divide up every single bit of space now, as tech-)Tj
T*
0.088 Tw
(nologies are just being developed and as the environment is chang-)Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(ing very rapidly. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.162 Tw
(In my written comments, I go through a detailed assessment of )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.144 Tw
(the resource potential in the Mid-Atlantic, and just to hit the bot-)Tj
T*
0.096 Tw
(tom line, using current technology, only shallow water, we find the )Tj
T*
0.106 Tw
(practical offshore wind resource from North Carolina to Massachu-)Tj
T*
0.098 Tw
(setts is enough to power all electricity for those coastal States, dis-)Tj
T*
0.09 Tw
(place all gasoline for their entire light vehicle fleet, and provide all )Tj
T*
0.206 Tw
(building heating fuels. That uses two-thirds of the shallow water )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(offshore wind resource. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.134 Tw
(It is very large. And that is why I said in the beginning I think )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.114 Tw
(these DOE estimates are quite low, but even they show this is the )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(largest resource. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.256 Tw
(How would we do that? It could be built in 15 years with 10 )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.286 Tw
(manufacturing complexes in the region, each employing perhaps )Tj
T*
0.41 Tw
(500 people, a subcomponent supply chain and 10 construction )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(crews with associated installation vessels. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.13 Tw
(In other words, we have tried to calculate this resource is large, )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.114 Tw
(yet it could be developed in 15 years with a plausible set of indus-)Tj
T*
0.238 Tw
(trial complexes in the region. And I would like to volunteer two )Tj
T*
0.126 Tw
(automobile plants in Delaware, which have been shut down in the )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(last 6 months as part of that. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.07 Tw
(If we did build this out, we would reduce CO)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
7.78 0 0 6.5 368.6869 270.8406 Tm
0 Tw
(2)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 376.0569 272 Tm
0.07 Tw
(emissions from the )Tj
-22.9057 -1 TD
0.144 Tw
(area by 68 percent. So I have specific recommendations as to law, )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(which I will leave to the written version. )Tj
1 -1 TD
(Thank you very much. )Tj
T*
([The prepared statement of Dr. Kempton follows:] )Tj
8 0 0 8 147 211.9999 Tm
0 Tw
(P)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 152.3359 211.9999 Tm
(REPARED)Tj
8 0 0 8 192.0079 211.9999 Tm
(S)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 197.0478 211.9999 Tm
[(TATEMENT)-1143.8(OF)]TJ
8 0 0 8 258.8622 211.9999 Tm
(W)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 266.71 211.9999 Tm
(ILLETT)Tj
8 0 0 8 298.3308 211.9999 Tm
(K)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 304.5547 211.9999 Tm
(EMPTON)Tj
8 0 0 8 333.9499 211.9999 Tm
0.6375 Tw
(, P)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 348.8337 211.9999 Tm
0 Tw
(H)Tj
8 0 0 8 354.1649 211.9999 Tm
0.6375 Tw
(.D., A)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 380.1606 211.9999 Tm
0 Tw
(SSOCIATE)Tj
8 0 0 8 421.2598 211.9999 Tm
(P)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 426.5957 211.9999 Tm
(ROFESSOR)Tj
8 0 0 8 462.7493 211.9999 Tm
(, )Tj
-38.4687 -1 TD
(C)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 160.7759 203.9999 Tm
[(OLLEGE)-837.5(OF)]TJ
8 0 0 8 208.4815 203.9999 Tm
(E)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 214.2574 203.9999 Tm
(ARTH)Tj
8 0 0 8 233.099 203.9999 Tm
0.3925 Tw
(, O)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 246.9108 203.9999 Tm
0 Tw
[(CEAN)-837.5(AND)]TJ
8 0 0 8 291.5252 203.9999 Tm
(E)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 297.3011 203.9999 Tm
(NVIRONMENT)Tj
8 0 0 8 344.7058 203.9999 Tm
(, )Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 352.2938 203.9999 Tm
(AND)Tj
8 0 0 8 372.4698 203.9999 Tm
(D)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 378.6937 203.9999 Tm
(IRECTOR)Tj
8 0 0 8 409.0296 203.9999 Tm
0.3925 Tw
(, C)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 422.3935 203.9999 Tm
0 Tw
[(ENTER)-837.5(FOR)]TJ
8 0 0 8 464.9695 203.9999 Tm
( )Tj
-38.7462 -1 TD
(C)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 160.7759 195.9999 Tm
(ARBON)Tj
8 0 0 8 184.8335 195.9999 Tm
(-)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 187.4974 195.9999 Tm
(FREE)Tj
8 0 0 8 211.9086 195.9999 Tm
(P)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 217.2445 195.9999 Tm
(OWER)Tj
8 0 0 8 244.0237 195.9999 Tm
(I)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 247.2797 195.9999 Tm
(NTEGRATION)Tj
8 0 0 8 292.6748 195.9999 Tm
0.5075 Tw
(, U)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 307.7027 195.9999 Tm
0 Tw
[(NIVERSITY)-981.2(OF)]TJ
8 0 0 8 366.605 195.9999 Tm
(D)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 372.8289 195.9999 Tm
(ELAWARE)Tj
8 0 0 8 406.4801 195.9999 Tm
0.5075 Tw
(; C)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 420.764 195.9999 Tm
0 Tw
(HAIR)Tj
8 0 0 8 437.9416 195.9999 Tm
0.5075 Tw
(, R&D )Tj
-35.3677 -1 TD
0 Tw
(S)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 160.0399 187.9999 Tm
(UBCOMMITTEE)Tj
8 0 0 8 211.9439 187.9999 Tm
0.4475 Tw
(, O)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 226.1957 187.9999 Tm
0 Tw
(FFSHORE)Tj
8 0 0 8 264.1173 187.9999 Tm
(W)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 271.9652 187.9999 Tm
(IND)Tj
8 0 0 8 290.5652 187.9999 Tm
(W)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 298.413 187.9999 Tm
(ORKING)Tj
8 0 0 8 331.5922 187.9999 Tm
(G)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 337.8161 187.9999 Tm
(ROUP)Tj
8 0 0 8 356.9009 187.9999 Tm
0.4475 Tw
(, A)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 370.7047 187.9999 Tm
0 Tw
(MERICAN)Tj
8 0 0 8 408.8503 187.9999 Tm
(W)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 416.6982 187.9999 Tm
(IND)Tj
8 0 0 8 435.2982 187.9999 Tm
(E)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 441.0741 187.9999 Tm
(NERGY)Tj
8 0 0 8 465.0165 187.9999 Tm
( )Tj
-38.7521 -1 TD
(A)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 160.7759 180 Tm
(SSOCIATION)Tj
8 0 0 8 202.7343 180 Tm
( )Tj
-5.9668 -1.625 TD
0.1075 Tw
(My name is Willett Kempton. I am Associate Professor at the University of Dela-)Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.2425 Tw
(ware College of Earth, Ocean and Environment, and Director of the Universitys )Tj
T*
0.3975 Tw
(Center for Carbon-free Power Integration. I serve as Chair of the R&D Sub-)Tj
T*
0.0675 Tw
(committee of the Offshore Wind Working Group of the American Wind Energy Asso-)Tj
T*
0.18 Tw
(ciation. At the University, I direct research on carbon-free energy by about 25 re-)Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(searchers. I have published extensively on energy and the environment. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.2 Tw
(Today I speak on the basis of my expertise; I am not representing the position )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.0525 Tw
(of any organizations with which I am affiliated. )Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm
1 g
0 Tw
[(VerDate Nov 24 2008 )-1076.9(09:02 Jul 16, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 050769)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00037)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6621)-1076.9(S:\\WPSHR\\GPO\\DOCS\\50769.TXT)-1076.9(SCOM1)-1076.9(PsN: JACKIE)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
128 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/F1 4 0 R
/F5 8 0 R
/F10 82 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
130 0 obj
<<
/Length 9462
>>
stream
BT
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm
0 g
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
(34 )Tj
ET
0 G
0 J 0 j 0.5 w 10 M []0 d
1 i
147 189.8 m
197 189.8 l
S
BT
5.446 0 0 4.55 154 182.9972 Tm
(1)Tj
7 0 0 7 158.168 181.1 Tm
0.3229 Tw
(U.S. EIA, Table 5.1. Retail Sales of Electricity to Ultimate Customers Electric Power )Tj
-1.5954 -1 TD
0.0886 Tw
(Monthly with data for February 2009, Report Released: May 15, 2009. This figure is 2007 retail )Tj
T*
0 Tw
(sales. )Tj
5.446 0 0 4.55 154 161.9972 Tm
(2)Tj
7 0 0 7 158.168 160.1 Tm
0.3057 Tw
(Mean Undiscovered Economically Recoverable Resources of the OCS, at $110/BBL, from )Tj
-1.5954 -1 TD
0.2029 Tw
(Table 2, OCS Report MMS 2009015. If natural gas is included, the resource would approxi-)Tj
T*
0.1714 Tw
(mately double. To compare with electricity, oil energy is equivalenced to its energy content \(1 )Tj
T*
0.1971 Tw
(BBL = 1,695 TWh\), then to electric power at 30 percent conversion, and assuming a 20 year )Tj
T*
0.28 Tw
(burn. If gasoline versus electric automobiles are compared, the conversion multiplier for oil )Tj
T*
0.0514 Tw
(should be 20 percent rather than 30 percent. )Tj
5.446 0 0 4.55 154 119.9972 Tm
0 Tw
(3)Tj
7 0 0 7 158.168 118.1 Tm
0.14 Tw
(If we assume instead that it takes 40 years to pump out all the offshore oil, the flow of oil )Tj
-1.5954 -1 TD
0.0514 Tw
(would be roughly )Tj
5.446 0 0 4.2 205.642 113.1237 Tm
0 Tw
(1)Tj
7 0 0 7 208.67 111.1 Tm
()Tj
5.446 0 0 4.2 209.839 111.1 Tm
(4)Tj
7 0 0 7 215.167 111.1 Tm
0.0514 Tw
(the energy of the offshore wind resource. )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 147 643 Tm
0.045 Tw
(Comparing Ocean Energy Resources )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1 -1.25 TD
0.0875 Tw
(I start by estimating the size of several ocean energy resources. This is important )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.19 Tw
(both to know how much economic activity each could stimulate, and to see which )Tj
T*
0.115 Tw
(of them could make significant impact on other national goals such as energy inde-)Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(pendence, reduction CO)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
6.224 0 0 5.2 236.1266 608.0724 Tm
0 Tw
(2)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 241.8787 609.0001 Tm
0.0525 Tw
(emissions, and reduced external payments. )Tj
-10.8598 -1 TD
0.1 Tw
(Unfortunately, careful resource assessments have not been done. In Table 1, I re-)Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.1675 Tw
(view existing estimates that are imprecise but allow an initial comparison for dis-)Tj
T*
0.3975 Tw
(cussion. The ocean renewables estimates draw on a recent NREL/DOE report )Tj
T*
0.0675 Tw
(\(Musial 2008, table 3, in turn based on EPRI and earlier studies\). I have added U.S. )Tj
T*
0.2025 Tw
(electricity consumption \(top line\) and OCS oil \(bottom line\) for comparison, and I )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(convert TWh/yr to GW)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
6.224 0 0 5.2 231.6587 560.0724 Tm
0 Tw
(a)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 234.4223 561.0001 Tm
(. )Tj
-9.9278 -1 TD
0.095 Tw
(A GW is 1,000,000,000 watts, the size of one of the largest nuclear or coal plants, )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.1975 Tw
(and GW)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
6.224 0 0 5.2 178.8035 544.0724 Tm
0 Tw
(a)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 185.3671 545.0001 Tm
0.1975 Tw
(\(a for average\) is a fluctuating amount with an average at one GW. )Tj
-4.7959 -1 TD
0.0575 Tw
(For scale, one watt runs an iPod. One to two thousand watts runs an average house. )Tj
T*
0.1025 Tw
(A little over one GW)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
6.224 0 0 5.2 225.5428 528.0724 Tm
0 Tw
(a)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 231.3464 529.0001 Tm
0.1025 Tw
(runs Delaware. 419 GW)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
6.224 0 0 5.2 322.565 528.0724 Tm
0 Tw
(a)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 328.3686 529.0001 Tm
0.1025 Tw
(runs the United States. By the esti-)Tj
-22.6711 -1 TD
0.2025 Tw
(mate below, the U.S. offshore wind resource is 450 GW)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
6.224 0 0 5.2 364.2729 520.0725 Tm
0 Tw
(a)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 367.0364 521.0001 Tm
0.2025 Tw
(. I make a more detailed )Tj
-27.5046 -1 TD
0.0525 Tw
(regional estimate below. )Tj
/F11 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 242.06 494.5001 Tm
0.1133 Tw
(Table 1. Sizes of Ocean Energy Sources )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
5 0 0 5 150.4 481.1002 Tm
0.056 Tw
(Energy Source )Tj
48.028 0 TD
5.6439 Tw
(TWh/yr GW)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
3.89 0 0 3.25 446.5352 480.52 Tm
0 Tw
(a)Tj
5 0 0 5 448.2625 481.1002 Tm
( )Tj
ET
0.4 w
147 487.8 m
465 487.8 l
147 477.4 m
465 477.4 l
S
0.5 w
377.48 477.6 m
377.48 487.6 l
421.16 477.6 m
421.16 487.6 l
S
0.4 w
147.2 477.6 m
147.2 487.6 l
464.8 477.6 m
464.8 487.6 l
S
BT
/F6 1 Tf
6 0 0 6 150.9 468.0002 Tm
0.0567 Tw
(U.S. Electricity Use)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
4.668 0 0 3.9 206.5272 469.6265 Tm
0 Tw
(1)Tj
6 0 0 6 209.1225 468.0002 Tm
( )Tj
/F6 1 Tf
32.2962 0 TD
5.3367 Tw
(3,670 419 )Tj
ET
147.2 468 m
147.2 477.6 l
S
0.5 w
377.48 468 m
377.48 477.6 l
421.16 468 m
421.16 477.6 l
S
0.4 w
464.8 468 m
464.8 477.6 l
S
BT
/F1 1 Tf
6 0 0 6 150.9 460.6002 Tm
0.0567 Tw
[(Deep Water >30-m Offshore Wind )-25725.2(3,270 )-5273.3(373 )]TJ
ET
147.2 460.6 m
147.2 468 l
S
0.5 w
377.48 460.6 m
377.48 468 l
421.16 460.6 m
421.16 468 l
S
0.4 w
464.8 460.6 m
464.8 468 l
S
BT
6 0 0 6 150.9 453.2001 Tm
[(Shallow Offshore Wind )-31684.8(678 )-5830.7(77 )]TJ
ET
147.2 453.2 m
147.2 460.6 l
S
0.5 w
377.48 453.2 m
377.48 460.6 l
421.16 453.2 m
421.16 460.6 l
S
0.4 w
464.8 453.2 m
464.8 460.6 l
S
BT
6 0 0 6 150.9 445.8001 Tm
(Wave Energy )Tj
42.8333 0 TD
5.894 Tw
(252 29 )Tj
ET
147.2 445.8 m
147.2 453.2 l
S
0.5 w
377.48 445.8 m
377.48 453.2 l
421.16 445.8 m
421.16 453.2 l
S
0.4 w
464.8 445.8 m
464.8 453.2 l
S
BT
6 0 0 6 150.9 438.4001 Tm
0.0567 Tw
(Tidal Current )Tj
43.39 0 TD
6.4467 Tw
(17 2 )Tj
ET
147.2 438.4 m
147.2 445.8 l
S
0.5 w
377.48 438.4 m
377.48 445.8 l
421.16 438.4 m
421.16 445.8 l
S
0.4 w
464.8 438.4 m
464.8 445.8 l
S
BT
6 0 0 6 150.9 431.0002 Tm
0.0567 Tw
[(Ocean Current \(Florida\) )-31739.1(50 )-6390(6 )]TJ
ET
147.2 431 m
147.2 438.4 l
S
0.5 w
377.48 431 m
377.48 438.4 l
421.16 431 m
421.16 438.4 l
S
0.4 w
464.8 431 m
464.8 438.4 l
S
BT
6 0 0 6 150.9 423.6002 Tm
[(In-stream River Current )-31001.8(110 )-5830.7(13 )]TJ
ET
147.2 423.6 m
147.2 431 l
S
0.5 w
377.48 423.6 m
377.48 431 l
421.16 423.6 m
421.16 431 l
S
0.4 w
464.8 423.6 m
464.8 431 l
S
BT
6 0 0 6 150.9 416.2002 Tm
[(Thermal gradient \(OTEC\) )-27146.5(Very large )]TJ
ET
147.2 416.2 m
147.2 423.6 l
S
0.5 w
377.48 416.2 m
377.48 423.6 l
421.16 416.2 m
421.16 423.6 l
S
0.4 w
464.8 416.2 m
464.8 423.6 l
S
BT
6 0 0 6 150.9 408.8002 Tm
(Offshore oil \(64 BBO\))Tj
4.668 0 0 3.9 212.4351 410.4266 Tm
0 Tw
(2)Tj
6 0 0 6 215.0304 408.8002 Tm
31.0336 Tw
[( 1,627 )25696.9(185 )]TJ
ET
147.2 408.8 m
147.2 416.2 l
S
0.5 w
377.48 408.8 m
377.48 416.2 l
421.16 408.8 m
421.16 416.2 l
S
0.4 w
464.8 408.8 m
464.8 416.2 l
147.02 404.4 m
465.02 404.4 l
147.2 404.4 m
147.2 408.8 l
S
0.5 w
377.48 404.4 m
377.48 408.8 l
421.16 404.4 m
421.16 408.8 l
S
0.4 w
464.8 404.4 m
464.8 408.8 l
S
BT
8 0 0 8 155 392.4002 Tm
0.1325 Tw
(The above table illustrates that offshore wind is the United States largest ocean )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.0875 Tw
(energy resource, even in comparison to offshore oil resources. Even based on the as-)Tj
T*
0.1475 Tw
(sumption in Table 1 that we drill very fast and pump oil out at a rate that would )Tj
T*
0.085 Tw
(exhaust the supplies in 20 years, offshore oil is only )Tj
6.224 0 0 4.8 346.8611 370.7126 Tm
0 Tw
(1)Tj
8 0 0 8 350.3217 368.4002 Tm
()Tj
6.224 0 0 4.8 351.6577 368.4002 Tm
(2)Tj
8 0 0 8 358.0183 368.4002 Tm
0.085 Tw
(the size of the offshore wind )Tj
-26.3773 -1 TD
0 Tw
(resource.)Tj
6.224 0 0 5.2 180.4715 362.5681 Tm
(3)Tj
8 0 0 8 186.5721 360.4002 Tm
0.0525 Tw
(Of course, when we are done pumping, the oil is gone along with the asso-)Tj
-4.9465 -1 TD
(ciated jobs. )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
0 -1.5 TD
0.045 Tw
(Offshore Wind Commercial Availability )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1 -1.25 TD
0.1175 Tw
(Fortunately, offshore wind is not only the largest ocean energy resource, but also )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.12 Tw
(the most commercially ready. Like the wind industry on land, it can be roughly di-)Tj
T*
0.2025 Tw
(vided into four industries: manufacturing, developing sites, installation, and oper-)Tj
T*
0.1975 Tw
(ating. Over the past 4 years, a handful of U.S. developers have emerged, that is, )Tj
T*
0.1325 Tw
(firms that now have expertise in designing, siting, permitting, raising capital, clos-)Tj
T*
0.1025 Tw
(ing the power contract, and preparing to build offshore wind facilities. And our ma-)Tj
T*
0.155 Tw
(rine construction firms could, with minimal re-tooling \(including purpose-built ves-)Tj
T*
0.055 Tw
(sels\), build offshore wind farms. Our country lacks offshore wind manufacturing, but )Tj
T*
0.15 Tw
(Denmark has been developing it for the past 15 years, and has had wind turbines )Tj
T*
0.1475 Tw
(operating at sea since 1990. So the industries and equipment are available to con-)Tj
T*
0.175 Tw
(struct commercial-scale offshore wind facilities today. To add offshore wind manu-)Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(facturing will take some policy effort, described subsequently. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.0775 Tw
(In short, the U.S. has offshore wind companies covering developers and operators, )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.095 Tw
(but currently not manufacturers. In 2009, for the first time we are beginning to see )Tj
T*
0.11 Tw
(RFPs for offshore wind R&D. If we want manufacturers, we need an active and ex-)Tj
T*
0.1 Tw
(panding set of developments, and DOE support for R&D in this area must continue )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(and expand. )Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm
1 g
0 Tw
[(VerDate Nov 24 2008 )-1076.9(09:02 Jul 16, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 050769)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00038)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6621)-1076.9(S:\\WPSHR\\GPO\\DOCS\\50769.TXT)-1076.9(SCOM1)-1076.9(PsN: JACKIE)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
131 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/F1 4 0 R
/F5 8 0 R
/F6 14 0 R
/F7 24 0 R
/F10 82 0 R
/F11 132 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
134 0 obj
<<
/Length 7652
>>
stream
BT
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm
0 g
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
(35 )Tj
ET
0 G
0 J 0 j 0.5 w 10 M []0 d
1 i
147 147.8 m
197 147.8 l
S
BT
5.446 0 0 4.55 154 140.9972 Tm
(4)Tj
7 0 0 7 158.168 139.1 Tm
0.1829 Tw
(The study found that one large Delaware coal plant killed the equivalent of 800,000 year- )Tj
-1.5954 -1 TD
0.2543 Tw
(old winter flounder during 1 year studied, more than 518,000 year-old Atlantic croaker and )Tj
T*
0.1686 Tw
(nearly 2.7 million bay anchovy \(Montgomery 2008\). If we here estimate by considering the 17 )Tj
T*
0.1914 Tw
(percent reduction in power brought by the offshore wind facility as a rough approximation of )Tj
T*
0.0514 Tw
(fish and fry saved, that would be a reduction in fish kills of 683,000 per year. )Tj
8 0 0 8 155 643 Tm
0.105 Tw
(Because offshore wind technology was developed in Denmark, it is best suited for )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.2025 Tw
(offshore areas like Denmarkrelatively shallow, and lacking both hurricanes and )Tj
T*
0.125 Tw
(sheets of ice. This means the Northeast, parts of the west coast under 30 m depth, )Tj
T*
0.2125 Tw
(and some areas of the Great Lakes \(Lake Erie\). As R&D and private investment )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(advance, the areas appropriate will expand as well. )Tj
/F11 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 169.1 592.8 Tm
0.1133 Tw
(Table 2. Wind Technology Goals to Expand Offshore Winds Geographical Application )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
5 0 0 5 171.74 579.7001 Tm
0.056 Tw
[(Technology Goal )-10392.8(Current State/need )-11887.7(Added Application Regions )]TJ
ET
0.4 w
147 586.4 m
465 586.4 l
147 576 m
465 576 l
S
0.5 w
234.84 576.2 m
234.84 586.2 l
337.84 576.2 m
337.84 586.2 l
S
0.4 w
147.2 576.2 m
147.2 586.2 l
464.8 576.2 m
464.8 586.2 l
S
BT
6 0 0 6 150.9 566.8 Tm
0.0567 Tw
[(Current technology )-5199.1(In serial production )-7589.8(Northeast plus shallow areas of West )]TJ
31.7 -1.1667 TD
(Coast and Great Lakes )Tj
ET
0.5 w
147 555.4 m
465 555.4 l
S
0.4 w
147.2 555.4 m
147.2 576.2 l
S
0.5 w
234.84 555.4 m
234.84 576.2 l
337.84 555.4 m
337.84 576.2 l
S
0.4 w
464.8 555.4 m
464.8 576.2 l
S
BT
6 0 0 6 150.9 545.9 Tm
(Withstand floating ice im-)Tj
1 -1.1667 TD
(pact on tower )Tj
13.5333 1.1667 TD
[(A few examples in Europe )-4549.5(Great lakes )]TJ
ET
0.5 w
147 534.5 m
465 534.5 l
S
0.4 w
147.2 534.5 m
147.2 555.4 l
S
0.5 w
234.84 534.5 m
234.84 555.4 l
337.84 534.5 m
337.84 555.4 l
S
0.4 w
464.8 534.5 m
464.8 555.4 l
S
BT
6 0 0 6 150.9 525.0001 Tm
(Withstand Category 5 hurri-)Tj
1 -1.1667 TD
0 Tw
(canes )Tj
13.5333 1.1667 TD
0.0567 Tw
(Requires re-engineering of blades, )Tj
0 -1.1667 TD
(turbine and controls )Tj
17.1667 1.1667 TD
(Gulf; South of North Carolina )Tj
ET
0.5 w
147 513.6 m
465 513.6 l
S
0.4 w
147.2 513.6 m
147.2 534.5 l
S
0.5 w
234.84 513.6 m
234.84 534.5 l
337.84 513.6 m
337.84 534.5 l
S
0.4 w
464.8 513.6 m
464.8 534.5 l
S
BT
6 0 0 6 150.9 504.1001 Tm
[(Deeper platforms )-6105.1(Prototype in North Sea; U.S. de-)]TJ
14.5333 -1.1667 TD
(veloper has licensed )Tj
17.1667 1.1667 TD
(Expand turbine count in all areas above, )Tj
0 -1.1667 TD
(especially West Coast )Tj
ET
0.5 w
147 492.7 m
465 492.7 l
S
0.4 w
147.2 492.7 m
147.2 513.6 l
S
0.5 w
234.84 492.7 m
234.84 513.6 l
337.84 492.7 m
337.84 513.6 l
S
0.4 w
464.8 492.7 m
464.8 513.6 l
S
BT
6 0 0 6 150.9 483.2001 Tm
[(Floating platform )-5974.1(Many designs; Statoil floats 2.3 )]TJ
14.5333 -1.1667 TD
(MW prototype this weekend )Tj
17.1667 1.1667 TD
(More for West Coast; expand reach fur-)Tj
0 -1.1667 TD
(ther out OCS elsewhere )Tj
ET
0.5 w
147 471.8 m
465 471.8 l
S
0.4 w
147.2 471.8 m
147.2 492.7 l
S
0.5 w
234.84 471.8 m
234.84 492.7 l
337.84 471.8 m
337.84 492.7 l
S
0.4 w
464.8 471.8 m
464.8 492.7 l
S
BT
6 0 0 6 150.9 462.3001 Tm
[(Overall optimizations )-4122.1(Ongoing )-12943(Reduce price and increase reliability in all )]TJ
31.7 -1.1667 TD
0 Tw
(regions )Tj
ET
147.2 455.3 m
147.2 471.8 l
S
0.5 w
234.84 455.3 m
234.84 471.8 l
337.84 455.3 m
337.84 471.8 l
S
0.4 w
464.8 455.3 m
464.8 471.8 l
147.02 450.9 m
465.02 450.9 l
147.2 450.9 m
147.2 455.3 l
S
0.5 w
234.84 450.9 m
234.84 455.3 l
337.84 450.9 m
337.84 455.3 l
S
0.4 w
464.8 450.9 m
464.8 455.3 l
S
BT
8 0 0 8 155 438.9001 Tm
0.285 Tw
(That is, with some continued development, offshore wind can be a very large )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.0725 Tw
(power resource for all coastal areas of the United States, including the Great Lakes. )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
0 -1.5 TD
0.045 Tw
(Environmental Impacts )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1 -1.25 TD
0.2 Tw
(Offshore wind will have both positive and negative environmental impacts. The )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.1475 Tw
(negative environmental impacts of offshore wind can be projected based on a long- )Tj
T*
0.205 Tw
(term study of a Danish offshore wind farm \(DONG Energy 200x\), along with the )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(now-completed Environmental Impact Statement for the Cape Wind proposal. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.15 Tw
(The primary projected impacts are related to wildlife and aesthetics. To summa-)Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.1375 Tw
(rize, most birds that encounter offshore wind farms simply fly around. A few birds )Tj
T*
0.15 Tw
(are displaced or killed. Off Denmark, Nysted was built in a duck flyway \(Common )Tj
T*
0.105 Tw
(Eiders\). Despite that poor siting, estimated mortality was only 1.2 birds/year/tower. )Tj
T*
0.07 Tw
(Since bats rarely fly over the ocean, significant bat effects are unlikely. Some people )Tj
T*
0.17 Tw
(find the visual intrusion on the ocean negative; in Cape Cod our surveys show 43 )Tj
T*
0.11 Tw
(percent opposed, whereas in Delaware, we found only 4 percent opposed \(Firestone, )Tj
T*
0.1825 Tw
(Kempton & Krueger 2008\). Noise during construction could plausibly have an im-)Tj
T*
0.1375 Tw
(pact on marine mammals; knowing this, European offshore wind construction com-)Tj
T*
0.245 Tw
(panies have developed methods for attenuating noise of construction. The towers )Tj
T*
0.1775 Tw
(offer new habitat for smaller organisms, in turn making them attractive to sports )Tj
T*
0.2075 Tw
(fishermen. No other significant impacts have been found in the cited studies. We )Tj
T*
0.0825 Tw
(should continue to study effects, but from thorough studies to date, the only notable )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(negative environmental impact seems to be modest avian mortality. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.2075 Tw
(With offshore wind power, like other renewable energy, impact analysis is mis-)Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.1025 Tw
(leading without quantifying the positive impacts. For construction of a 600 MW off-)Tj
T*
0.0925 Tw
(shore wind farm off Delaware, consisting of 200 turbines, each 3 MW, we did a cur-)Tj
T*
0.1375 Tw
(sory impact analysis based on literature rather than direct measurement. We used )Tj
T*
0.14 Tw
(the health impact of Delawares current power production that would be displaced, )Tj
T*
0.11 Tw
(along with a report on fish kills from current Delaware power plant cooling water.)Tj
6.224 0 0 5.2 461.7234 227.0679 Tm
0 Tw
(4)Tj
8 0 0 8 465.184 224.9001 Tm
( )Tj
-39.773 -1 TD
0.17 Tw
(Offshore wind reduces air pollution and fish kills because the wind power produc-)Tj
T*
0.165 Tw
(tion leads other power plants to throttle back and reduce output, and thus reduce )Tj
T*
0.135 Tw
(pollution and water intake. We found that this one offshore wind farm would have )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(the following yearly impacts: )Tj
1 -1.5 TD
(Negative impacts \(projected\) )Tj
1 -1.5 TD
(Up to 240 birds killed \(240 is worst caseif mistakenly built in flyway\) )Tj
0 -1 TD
(View shed impact )Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm
1 g
0 Tw
[(VerDate Nov 24 2008 )-1076.9(09:02 Jul 16, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 050769)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00039)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6621)-1076.9(S:\\WPSHR\\GPO\\DOCS\\50769.TXT)-1076.9(SCOM1)-1076.9(PsN: JACKIE)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
135 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/F1 4 0 R
/F5 8 0 R
/F7 24 0 R
/F11 132 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
137 0 obj
<<
/Length 6904
>>
stream
BT
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm
0 g
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
(36 )Tj
8 0 0 8 155 643 Tm
0.0525 Tw
(Positive impacts \(projected\) )Tj
1 -1.5125 TD
(1012 human deaths/year prevented )Tj
0 -1.0125 TD
(203 emergency room visits \(due to respiratory distress\) prevented )Tj
T*
(5,156 asthma attacks prevented )Tj
T*
[(.)-555(.)-555(.)0( total human health benefit $53 million/year )]TJ
T*
0.19 Tw
(683,000 fish fry and yearlings saved from death in power plant cooling water )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(17 percent reduction in power plant CO)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
6.224 0 0 5.2 311.8938 589.4723 Tm
0 Tw
(2)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 317.6459 590.4 Tm
0.0525 Tw
(emissions statewide )Tj
-20.3307 -1.5125 TD
0.18 Tw
(The above figures are based on literature and approximation rather than meas-)Tj
-1 -1.0125 TD
0.1225 Tw
(urement after the fact or detailed modeling. However, it appears that the net envi-)Tj
T*
0.275 Tw
(ronmental effect is positive rather than negative, by a substantial margin, even )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(without considering CO)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
6.224 0 0 5.2 235.5426 553.0723 Tm
0 Tw
(2)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 241.2948 554 Tm
0.0525 Tw
(reduction benefits. )Tj
-10.7868 -1.0125 TD
0.0825 Tw
(If CO)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
6.224 0 0 5.2 175.8037 544.9723 Tm
0 Tw
(2)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 181.7958 545.9 Tm
0.0825 Tw
(reduction is considered an environmental benefit, as I emphatically believe )Tj
-4.3495 -1.0125 TD
0.2275 Tw
(it is, my assessment of the importance of offshore wind is this: Offshore wind is )Tj
T*
0.1575 Tw
(today the only large scale power source that coastal states have at hand, that can )Tj
T*
0.24 Tw
(significantly slow CO)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
6.224 0 0 5.2 229.6628 520.6723 Tm
0 Tw
(2)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 236.9149 521.6 Tm
0.24 Tw
(emissions at moderate cost. Due to the versatility of elec-)Tj
-11.2394 -1.0125 TD
0.1425 Tw
(tricity, wind power is capable of displacing fossil electric generation, fuel for build-)Tj
T*
0.195 Tw
(ing heat, and fuel for cars. Because of both the potential for CO)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
6.224 0 0 5.2 399.3644 504.4723 Tm
0 Tw
(2)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 406.2565 505.4 Tm
0.195 Tw
(reductions, and )Tj
-32.4071 -1.0125 TD
0.1025 Tw
(the economic benefit, I recommend some improvements to the permitting process in )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(sections below. )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
0 -1.5125 TD
0.045 Tw
(State and Federal Permitting Process; How to Identify Optimal Sites )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1 -1.2625 TD
0.0775 Tw
(Our research group has observed the process of picking sites and negotiating with )Tj
-1 -1.0125 TD
0.0625 Tw
(state governments and publics in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New York, New Jer-)Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(sey, and Delaware. There are two aspects, power planning and site selection. )Tj
1 -1.0125 TD
0.1375 Tw
(Regarding power planning, unlike offshore oil and gas, the process we have seen )Tj
-1 -1.0125 TD
0.2275 Tw
(for offshore wind has been that a U.S. state initiates a process soliciting electric )Tj
T*
0.185 Tw
(power. After the state government has established a need for power, and possibly )Tj
T*
0.06 Tw
(negotiated an agreement to buy power via a power purchase agreement, the offshore )Tj
T*
0.2425 Tw
(wind developer begins the process to permit with Federal MMS. Cape Wind has )Tj
T*
0.165 Tw
(been the sole exception, with the developer initiating the process, and the Federal )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(permitting initiated prior to any power agreement with the state. )Tj
1 -1.0125 TD
0.1075 Tw
(The process is quite different from offshore oil, which in Federal waters has been )Tj
-1 -1.0125 TD
0.125 Tw
(permitted by the Federal MMS with little state participation. The difference is due )Tj
T*
0.0925 Tw
(to the transportability of the energy sourcesoil can be shipped worldwide for little )Tj
T*
0.235 Tw
(incremental cost, whereas electricity must be transmitted by high voltage cables, )Tj
T*
0.075 Tw
(which to date have taken a short path from the offshore wind development to shore. )Tj
T*
0.085 Tw
(For similar reasons, oil is traded on global markets, while electricity \(including that )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(from ocean renewables\) is sold on state or regional markets. )Tj
1 -1.0125 TD
(A processes that we see working well for identifying sites is: )Tj
1 -1.5125 TD
0.0675 Tw
(1. The state requests bids, for power or specifically for offshore wind, along with )Tj
0 -1.0125 TD
0.0525 Tw
(criteria for picking the winning bidder. )Tj
T*
0.0925 Tw
(2. Developers seek information about existing ocean uses, in order to avoid con-)Tj
T*
0.0825 Tw
(flict areas-this is in their interest, to avoid places where coastal managers, resi-)Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(dents, fishermen, etc may oppose their proposed development. )Tj
T*
0.1275 Tw
(3. Developers study locations, including wind speeds, ocean and subfloor condi-)Tj
T*
0.2475 Tw
(tions, and considering current technology, value of power, their tolerance for )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(delay due to controversy, etc., then propose two or more site options. )Tj
T*
0.165 Tw
(4. State environmental and power planning officials recommend for or against )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(sites and power contract characteristics proposed by developer. )Tj
T*
0.1225 Tw
(5. If any sites are acceptable to the state, developer proceeds to permitting, in-)Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(cluding environmental review by MMS, and contract for use of ocean space. )Tj
T*
0.36 Tw
(6. Upon successfully completion of all permits and reviews, and financing, )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(project is built. )Tj
-1 -1.5125 TD
0.215 Tw
(There is one problem in this process, created by the law that authorized MMS )Tj
-1 -1.0125 TD
0.09 Tw
(to carry out these leases. The developer has already gone through a bidding process )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(and has been awarded a contract or permit to sell power to one or more electric enti-)Tj
T*
0.145 Tw
(ties ashore. One important criterion in their section would presumably be that the )Tj
T*
0.1275 Tw
(price of power was competitive. But since MMS requires competitive bids for ocean )Tj
T*
0.1625 Tw
(space, the space that the developer has already bid on in the state power process, )Tj
T*
0.1025 Tw
(now must be bid again with MMS, possibly against speculators who have no ability )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(to even sell the power they would generate. In the announcement of rule, MMS tried )Tj
T*
0.1325 Tw
(to address this problem by saying that prior state competition would be considered )Tj
0 -1 TD
0.2275 Tw
(in the competition for ocean space. However, it would be appropriate to examine )Tj
T*
0.0575 Tw
(whether it is appropriate to change the law, given that electricity is not oil, and that )Tj
T*
0.0775 Tw
(rules for competition are already well established in state and regional electric mar-)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm
1 g
0 Tw
[(VerDate Nov 24 2008 )-1076.9(09:02 Jul 16, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 050769)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00040)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6621)-1076.9(S:\\WPSHR\\GPO\\DOCS\\50769.TXT)-1076.9(SCOM1)-1076.9(PsN: JACKIE)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
138 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/F1 4 0 R
/F5 8 0 R
/F7 24 0 R
/F10 82 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
140 0 obj
<<
/Length 7571
>>
stream
BT
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm
0 g
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
(37 )Tj
8 0 0 8 147 643 Tm
0.2475 Tw
(kets, and subsequent competition for offshore space may lead to speculation and )Tj
0 -1.0375 TD
0 Tw
(gaming. )Tj
1 -1.0375 TD
0.115 Tw
(Regarding choice of location, I feel that the optimum process is close to the num-)Tj
-1 -1.0375 TD
0.085 Tw
(bered sequence abovethat the state sets parameters, the private developer studies )Tj
T*
0.33 Tw
(many sites then proposes a site, and the state selects. The developer must go )Tj
T*
0.24 Tw
(through environmental review including any conflicting use and consistency with )Tj
T*
0.1675 Tw
(the states coastal zone management plan. I do not include advanced spatial plan-)Tj
T*
0.11 Tw
(ning in this list, because I believe that no-one today can plan what will be the best )Tj
T*
0.15 Tw
(location for a variety of technologies several years in the future. Also, I do not be-)Tj
T*
0.145 Tw
(lieve that spatial planning by state or Federal officials will be as thorough as that )Tj
T*
0.06 Tw
(by a developer with investment at risk, followed by established EIS or EA processes. )Tj
1 -1.0375 TD
0.11 Tw
(The agreement last week \(June 4, 2009\) among the Governors of New York, New )Tj
-1 -1.0375 TD
0.105 Tw
(Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia, was that spatial analysis might proceed, )Tj
T*
0.075 Tw
(but it should not cause any slowdown in project proposal and development. I believe )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(this is the correct approach. )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
0 -1.5375 TD
0.045 Tw
(Economic Potential )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1 -1.2875 TD
0.2275 Tw
(Here I summarize our more detailed resource estimate for the Northeast, then )Tj
-1 -1.0375 TD
0.0875 Tw
(show how that translates into economic opportunity. In 2008 we estimated the total )Tj
T*
0.105 Tw
(offshore wind resource adjacent to the Mid-Atlantic coastal states from North Caro-)Tj
T*
0.1225 Tw
(lina through Massachusetts \(Kempton et al, 2008; attached\). This was an arbitrary )Tj
T*
0.14 Tw
(area manageable for a low-cost study, but one more detailed than anyone had pre-)Tj
T*
0.1225 Tw
(viously done. We used 20 years of wind speed data from NOAA buoys, bathymetric )Tj
T*
0.175 Tw
(data and sampled data on ocean uses such as shipping lanes or bird flyways that )Tj
T*
0.055 Tw
(would exclude wind turbines. We assume only machines and towers that were either )Tj
T*
0.2425 Tw
(available or prototyped at the time of the study. And, we compared the offshore )Tj
T*
0.2975 Tw
(wind resource against energy demand of those Mid-Atlantic coastal states, elec-)Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(tricity as well as gasoline for cars and heating fuels. )Tj
/F11 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 179.84 402.4002 Tm
0.1133 Tw
(Table 3. Mid-Atlantic Offshore Wind Resource Compared With Energy Demand )Tj
7 0 0 7 272.22 393.4002 Tm
0.1114 Tw
(\(from Kempton et al 2008\) )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
5 0 0 5 150.4 379.7001 Tm
0 Tw
(Source/demand )Tj
56.132 0 TD
(GW)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
3.89 0 0 3.25 439.8552 379.12 Tm
(a)Tj
5 0 0 5 441.5825 379.7001 Tm
( )Tj
ET
0 G
0 J 0 j 0.4 w 10 M []0 d
1 i
147 386.4 m
465 386.4 l
147 376 m
465 376 l
S
0.5 w
407.8 376.2 m
407.8 386.2 l
S
0.4 w
147.2 376.2 m
147.2 386.2 l
464.8 376.2 m
464.8 386.2 l
S
BT
/F1 1 Tf
6 0 0 6 150.9 366.2001 Tm
0.0567 Tw
(Offshore wind )Tj
46.7367 0 TD
0 Tw
(330 )Tj
ET
147.2 366.2 m
147.2 376.2 l
S
0.5 w
407.8 366.2 m
407.8 376.2 l
S
0.4 w
464.8 366.2 m
464.8 376.2 l
S
BT
6 0 0 6 150.9 358.4001 Tm
0.0567 Tw
(Electric load )Tj
47.0133 0 TD
0 Tw
(73 )Tj
ET
147.2 358.4 m
147.2 366.2 l
S
0.5 w
407.8 358.4 m
407.8 366.2 l
S
0.4 w
464.8 358.4 m
464.8 366.2 l
S
BT
6 0 0 6 150.9 350.6001 Tm
(Cars )Tj
47.0133 0 TD
(29 )Tj
ET
147.2 350.6 m
147.2 358.4 l
S
0.5 w
407.8 350.6 m
407.8 358.4 l
S
0.4 w
464.8 350.6 m
464.8 358.4 l
S
BT
6 0 0 6 150.9 342.8001 Tm
(Heating )Tj
47.0167 0 TD
(83 )Tj
ET
147.2 342.8 m
147.2 350.6 l
S
0.5 w
407.8 342.8 m
407.8 350.6 l
S
0.4 w
464.8 342.8 m
464.8 350.6 l
S
BT
6 0 0 6 150.9 335.0001 Tm
0.0567 Tw
(Total demand )Tj
46.7367 0 TD
0 Tw
(185 )Tj
ET
147.2 335 m
147.2 342.8 l
S
0.5 w
407.8 335 m
407.8 342.8 l
S
0.4 w
464.8 335 m
464.8 342.8 l
147.02 330.6 m
465.02 330.6 l
147.2 330.6 m
147.2 335 l
S
0.5 w
407.8 330.6 m
407.8 335 l
S
0.4 w
464.8 330.6 m
464.8 335 l
S
BT
8 0 0 8 155 318.3002 Tm
0.1775 Tw
(In other words, for the Mid-Atlantic, with a large shallow continental shelf, but )Tj
-1 -1.0375 TD
0.19 Tw
(with very high levels of population and energy use, our more careful resource as-)Tj
T*
0.245 Tw
(sessment shows that the practical offshore wind resource is enough to power all )Tj
T*
0.065 Tw
(electricity, all gasoline for automobiles, and all fuel oil, natural gas, and other build-)Tj
T*
0.1975 Tw
(ing heating fuels. \(My use of average GW is a simplification, as I do not address )Tj
T*
0.42 Tw
(the match of fluctuating wind power and fluctuating load, which have to be )Tj
T*
0 Tw
(matched.\) )Tj
1 -1.0375 TD
0.14 Tw
(To estimate the economic impact, assume we plan to build enough offshore wind )Tj
-1 -1.0375 TD
0.085 Tw
(to power electricity and cars but not heat, 108 GW)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
6.224 0 0 5.2 339.0692 250.9725 Tm
0 Tw
(a)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 341.8327 251.9002 Tm
0.085 Tw
(. To produce 108 GW)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
6.224 0 0 5.2 421.5995 250.9725 Tm
0 Tw
(a)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 424.3631 251.9002 Tm
0.085 Tw
(, assuming )Tj
-34.6704 -1.0375 TD
0.215 Tw
(a 40 percent capacity factor, would require 54,000 wind turbines each rated at 5 )Tj
T*
0.2 Tw
(MW. Current wind turbine factories running 5 days and three shifts can produce )Tj
T*
0.19 Tw
(350 turbines per year. If we wanted to build 54,000 turbines within 15 years, we )Tj
T*
0.1275 Tw
(would require 10 factories. In addition we would need about 10 factories for blades )Tj
T*
0.135 Tw
(and 10 for towers. This would be like 10 large automobile manufacturing factories, )Tj
T*
0.11 Tw
(each employing perhaps 500 people, with approximately a 4x multiplier for indirect )Tj
T*
0.26 Tw
(jobs among suppliers, a total of 20,000 jobs. This is one of several reasons that )Tj
T*
0.0875 Tw
(coastal states officials have preferred offshore wind to distant onshore wind \(Bowles )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(2009; Svenvold 2008\). )Tj
1 -1.0375 TD
0.13 Tw
(I do not give these estimates in order to say that we should produce exactly this )Tj
-1 -1.0375 TD
0.2125 Tw
(much offshore wind, or at this pace, but to show that the resource is very large, )Tj
0 -1.025 TD
0.1975 Tw
(yet it could all be developed with a manageable industrial complex in the region. )Tj
T*
0.1275 Tw
(We can build a great deal, and even substitute electricity for end uses that not de-)Tj
T*
0.135 Tw
(pend on liquid fuels, and not exhaust the resource. If the entire 185 GW)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
6.224 0 0 5.2 426.5399 135.0725 Tm
0 Tw
(a)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 432.6035 136.0002 Tm
0.135 Tw
(were de-)Tj
-35.7004 -1.025 TD
0.1525 Tw
(veloped, the Mid-Atlantic would reduce its CO)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
6.224 0 0 5.2 325.2854 126.8725 Tm
0 Tw
(2)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 331.8375 127.8002 Tm
0.1525 Tw
(emissions by 68 percent. And such )Tj
-23.1047 -1.025 TD
0.2275 Tw
(large reductions in CO)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
6.224 0 0 5.2 236.1627 118.6725 Tm
0 Tw
(2)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 243.3148 119.6002 Tm
0.2275 Tw
(would have global significance in reducing the impact of )Tj
-12.0394 -1.025 TD
0.0525 Tw
(ocean acidification and climate change on the oceans. )Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm
1 g
0 Tw
[(VerDate Nov 24 2008 )-1076.9(09:02 Jul 16, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 050769)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00041)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6621)-1076.9(S:\\WPSHR\\GPO\\DOCS\\50769.TXT)-1076.9(SCOM1)-1076.9(PsN: JACKIE)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
141 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/F1 4 0 R
/F5 8 0 R
/F7 24 0 R
/F10 82 0 R
/F11 132 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
144 0 obj
<<
/Length 6556
>>
stream
BT
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm
0 g
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
(38 )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 147 643 Tm
0.045 Tw
(Industry Needs for Development )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1 -1.3 TD
0.165 Tw
(Below are recommendations that would follow from my experience and from the )Tj
-1 -1.05 TD
0 Tw
(above. )Tj
2 -1.55 TD
0.145 Tw
(1. Longer-term extension of the PTC, possibly limited to ocean renewables. An )Tj
0 -1.05 TD
0.16 Tw
(offshore wind project could take 5 or 6 years to complete, much longer than a )Tj
T*
0.3225 Tw
(land-based project. Investment in manufacturing for offshore class turbines, )Tj
T*
0.2075 Tw
(towers and blades would require at least 67 years of sales to return invest-)Tj
T*
0.205 Tw
(ment in plant. The current 3-year PTC extensions insure that manufacturing )Tj
T*
0.0625 Tw
(stays in Europe. Congress should pass a 10-year PTC. This could limited, if nec-)Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(essary specific to offshore renewable energy. )Tj
T*
0.2075 Tw
(2. Facilitate development of manufacturing of offshore-wind manufacturing in )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(the US. )Tj
T*
0.135 Tw
(3. As noted above, R&D is needed to develop offshore wind turbines that work )Tj
T*
0.08 Tw
(in more U.S. regions, to improve on current designs, to extend the coastal areas )Tj
T*
(for which we have turbines, to understand the resource, and for policy and pub-)Tj
T*
0.0625 Tw
(lic opinion studies. The attached R&D Subcommittee document suggests specific )Tj
T*
0.1175 Tw
(needs and rationale. In addition to the attached wind R&D document, the U.S. )Tj
T*
0.0825 Tw
(should invest in long-term research on other ocean energy technologies in Table )Tj
T*
0 Tw
(1. )Tj
T*
0.1275 Tw
(4. In particular, we should develop expertise in assessing the offshore wind re-)Tj
T*
0.115 Tw
(source by several independent parties, not only MMS or DOE but also by state )Tj
T*
0.2825 Tw
(governments and/or universities working with state government power plan-)Tj
T*
0.145 Tw
(ners. My group has produced guidance for others who want to get up to speed )Tj
T*
0.3525 Tw
(and analyze their state offshore wind resource \(Dhanju et al 2008\). Small )Tj
T*
0.0875 Tw
(grants for partnerships between states and universities would seed this activity )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(and provide local expertise on this resource assessment. )Tj
T*
0.145 Tw
(5. With many permit applications already headed to MMS, the agency already )Tj
T*
0.1 Tw
(needs more people. Need to fund MMS to allow it to hire individuals to oversee )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(the NEPA and licensing process. )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
-2 -1.55 TD
0.045 Tw
(Supplemental material )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1 -1.3 TD
0.2325 Tw
(1. Kempton, W., C. L. Archer, A. Dhanju, R. W. Garvine, and M. Z. Jacobson, )Tj
-1 -1.05 TD
0.2025 Tw
(2007 Large CO)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
6.224 0 0 5.2 209.3751 369.6723 Tm
0 Tw
(2)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 216.3272 370.6 Tm
0.2025 Tw
(reductions via offshore wind power matched to inherent storage )Tj
-8.6659 -1.05 TD
0.295 Tw
(in energy end-uses, )Tj
/F6 1 Tf
10.5149 0 TD
(Geophys. Res. Lett., )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.1259 0 TD
(34, L02817, doi:10.1029/2006GL028016. )Tj
-20.6407 -1.05 TD
0.355 Tw
(\(Retained in Committee files and available at )Tj
/F6 1 Tf
23.7677 0 TD
0 Tw
(http://www.agu.org/journals/gl/ )Tj
-23.7677 -1.05 TD
(gl0702/2006GL028016/)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
11.3108 0 TD
(.\) )Tj
-10.3108 -1.05 TD
0.1225 Tw
(2. Research and Development Needs for Offshore Wind, R&D Subcommittee, Off-)Tj
-1 -1.05 TD
0.245 Tw
(shore Wind Working Group, American Wind Energy Association. April 2009 [Re-)Tj
T*
0.29 Tw
(tained in Committee files and available at )Tj
/F6 1 Tf
21.7577 0 TD
0 Tw
(http://www.newwindagenda.org/pdf/ )Tj
-21.7577 -1.05 TD
(Offshore)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
3.8869 0 TD
(l)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
1 0 TD
(R&D)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
2.371 0 TD
(l)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
1 0 TD
(Needs.pdf)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
4.5539 0 TD
(] )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
-12.8118 -1.55 TD
(References )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1 -1.3 TD
0.0525 Tw
(Bowles, Ian, Home-Grown Power, )Tj
/F6 1 Tf
16.0628 0 TD
(NY Times )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
4.9559 0 TD
(Op Ed, March 7, 2009 )Tj
-21.0187 -1.05 TD
0.1775 Tw
(Amardeep Dhanju, Phillip Whitaker, Willett Kempton \(2008\), Assessing offshore )Tj
-1 -1.05 TD
0.5925 Tw
(wind resources: An accessible methodology. )Tj
/F6 1 Tf
23.2962 0 TD
(Renewable Energy )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
9.9239 0 TD
(33\(1\): 5564. )Tj
-33.2201 -1.05 TD
0 Tw
(doi:10.1016/j.renene.2007.03.006 )Tj
1 -1.05 TD
0.3175 Tw
(DONG Energy )Tj
/F6 1 Tf
7.6909 0 TD
(et al, )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
3.172 0 TD
0 Tw
(2006, )Tj
/F6 1 Tf
3.0975 0 TD
0.3175 Tw
(Danish Offshore WindKey Environmental Issues, )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
-14.9603 -1.05 TD
0.3025 Tw
(Published by DONG Energy, Vattenfall, The Danish Energy Authority and The )Tj
T*
0.12 Tw
(Danish Forest and Nature Agency, November 2006 \(Order from the Danish Energy )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(Authoritys Internet bookstore )Tj
/F6 1 Tf
14.4723 0 TD
0 Tw
(http://ens.netboghandel.dk)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
12.7848 0 TD
(\) )Tj
-26.2571 -1.05 TD
0.1625 Tw
(Firestone, Jeremy, W. Kempton and A. Krueger, 2008, Public Acceptance of Off-)Tj
-1 -1.05 TD
0.2 Tw
(shore Wind Power Projects in the United States, )Tj
/F6 1 Tf
24.2497 0 TD
(Wind Energy 11. )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
8.5629 0 TD
(\(DOI: 10.1002/ )Tj
-32.8125 -1.05 TD
0 Tw
(we.316\) )Tj
1 -1.05 TD
0.065 Tw
(Montgomery, Jeff , 2008, Indian River center of fish debate: Power plants cooling )Tj
-1 -1.05 TD
0.2075 Tw
(system said to destroy millions of fish each year. )Tj
/F6 1 Tf
24.9261 0 TD
(The News Journal, )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
9.6394 0 TD
(January 3, )Tj
-34.5655 -1.05 TD
0 Tw
(2008 )Tj
1 -1.05 TD
0.1225 Tw
(Musial, Walt, 2008, Status of Wave and Tidal Power Technologies for the United )Tj
-1 -1.05 TD
0 Tw
(States. )Tj
/F6 1 Tf
3.5354 0 TD
0.0525 Tw
(Technical Report )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
8.1949 0 TD
(NREL/TP50043240, August 2008 )Tj
-10.7303 -1.05 TD
0.1625 Tw
(Report to the Secretary, U.S. Department of the Interior, 2009, Survey of Avail-)Tj
-1 -1.05 TD
0.2325 Tw
(able Data on OCS Resources and Identification of Data Gaps. OCS Report MMS )Tj
T*
0 Tw
(2009015 )Tj
1 -1.05 TD
0.0525 Tw
(Mark Svenvold Wind Power Politics )Tj
/F6 1 Tf
17.9872 0 TD
(New York Times Magazine. )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
-17.9872 -1.05 TD
0.1825 Tw
(For further information on offshore wind, including our articles cited above, see )Tj
/F6 1 Tf
-1 -1.05 TD
0 Tw
(www.ocean.udel.edu/windpower, )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
15.6933 0 TD
(and )Tj
/F6 1 Tf
2.0715 0 TD
(www.carbonfree.udel.edu )Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm
1 g
[(VerDate Nov 24 2008 )-1076.9(09:02 Jul 16, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 050769)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00042)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6621)-1076.9(S:\\WPSHR\\GPO\\DOCS\\50769.TXT)-1076.9(SCOM1)-1076.9(PsN: JACKIE)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
145 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/F1 4 0 R
/F5 8 0 R
/F6 14 0 R
/F7 24 0 R
/F9 71 0 R
/F10 82 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
147 0 obj
<<
/Length 4656
>>
stream
BT
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm
0 g
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
(39 )Tj
-14.344 -2 TD
0.138 Tw
(Senator C)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 204.6793 641 Tm
0 Tw
(ANTWELL)Tj
10 0 0 10 246.6066 641 Tm
0.138 Tw
(. Again, I want to thank Dr. Kempton for his )Tj
-9.9607 -1 TD
0.088 Tw
(testimony and following what has happened in the previous energy )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(bills and things we might do to improve it. )Tj
1 -1 TD
(I thank all the witnesses again for their testimony. )Tj
T*
(I am going to turn to Senator Snowe for her questions. )Tj
T*
0.41 Tw
(Senator S)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 206.4793 591 Tm
0 Tw
(NOWE)Tj
10 0 0 10 232.8469 591 Tm
0.41 Tw
(. Thank you, Madam Chair. Thank you very )Tj
-8.5847 -1 TD
0.052 Tw
(much for allowing me to go first. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.11 Tw
(I just want to thank all of you for your very powerful testimony. )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.152 Tw
(The Chair and I were just discussing it would be nice if all mem-)Tj
T*
0.158 Tw
(bers of the Senate could hear your testimony in terms of the con-)Tj
T*
0.122 Tw
(tributions that the ocean makes, and also the impact on the ocean )Tj
T*
0.212 Tw
(and the severity of many of the consequences that we are facing )Tj
T*
0.25 Tw
(now and well into the future if we dont reverse course here on )Tj
T*
0.29 Tw
(many levels. So I really appreciate the dimensions of what you )Tj
T*
0.236 Tw
(have offered here today in your respective testimony and profes-)Tj
T*
0 Tw
(sions. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.196 Tw
(I know, Dr. Kildow, you mentioned in your report how Federal )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.08 Tw
(investment in ocean and coastal communities has been woefully in-)Tj
T*
0.084 Tw
(sufficient. I think it was like $9.5 billion, or 0.3 percent of the Fed-)Tj
T*
0.054 Tw
(eral budget. Where do you think we could be most useful in making )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(these investments? )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.116 Tw
(And you mentioned also, which I thought was very interesting )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.124 Tw
(I hesitate to ask this as wellbut over the next 30 years you said )Tj
T*
0.108 Tw
(would bring significant changes to the oceans and the coastal com-)Tj
T*
0.232 Tw
(munities, the most significant since the industrialization and ur-)Tj
T*
0.166 Tw
(banization of the late 19th century. So why do you expect that to )Tj
T*
0 Tw
(happen? )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.106 Tw
(And I will ask any of you or all of you to respond. Where do you )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.144 Tw
(think we should be making our mark, either in investments or on )Tj
T*
0.076 Tw
(the issue of expertise in climate science, which is obviously an area )Tj
T*
0.278 Tw
(of our jurisdiction with NOAA? And what is the investment we )Tj
T*
0.07 Tw
(need to make because, obviously, the impact goes beyond industrial )Tj
T*
0.158 Tw
(activities, the acidification that you are all talking about, the eco-)Tj
T*
0.224 Tw
(systems that are under attack, and how are we going to reverse )Tj
T*
0 Tw
(course? )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.146 Tw
(Because what you were saying, Mr. Warren, about the fact that )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.276 Tw
(it is irreversible. The fish are gone. Can you rebuild the stock? )Tj
T*
0.122 Tw
(Well, no. That is disconcerting, and it is breath-taking for those of )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(us who depend on the fisheries, as our country does. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.206 Tw
(So can you just tell us very quickly what you think we should )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.2 Tw
(be focusing on in this committee both from the standpoint of the )Tj
T*
0.512 Tw
(investments or expertise in climate science or whatever. Dr. )Tj
T*
0 Tw
(Kildow? )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.188 Tw
(Dr. K)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 184.4396 210.9999 Tm
0 Tw
(ILDOW)Tj
10 0 0 10 213.3272 210.9999 Tm
0.188 Tw
(. I would suggest that because the Government has )Tj
-6.6327 -1 TD
0.118 Tw
(jurisdiction over most of the natural resources along the shoreline, )Tj
T*
0.272 Tw
(whether it is State government or Federal Government, Federal )Tj
T*
0.186 Tw
(and State governments should work together to preserve, restore, )Tj
T*
0.192 Tw
(and strengthen the resiliency of estuaries, beaches, the shoreline. )Tj
T*
0.236 Tw
(Those are our protection against a number of the environmental )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(changes that we face. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.104 Tw
(Without those and the strength of those, we are just going to re-)Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.28 Tw
(ceive even worse impacts than we would have anticipated. So I )Tj
T*
0.206 Tw
(would recommend the investments go where the Federal Govern-)Tj
T*
0.308 Tw
(ment can make them most and where others are less likely to )Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm
1 g
0 Tw
[(VerDate Nov 24 2008 )-1076.9(09:02 Jul 16, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 050769)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00043)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(S:\\WPSHR\\GPO\\DOCS\\50769.TXT)-1076.9(SCOM1)-1076.9(PsN: JACKIE)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
148 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/F1 4 0 R
/F5 8 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
150 0 obj
<<
/Length 4753
>>
stream
BT
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm
0 g
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
(40 )Tj
-15.344 -2 TD
0.192 Tw
(make them, and that is in restoring and strengthening estuaries, )Tj
0 -1 TD
0.258 Tw
(making sure that beaches are secured where they should be se-)Tj
T*
0.082 Tw
(cured. Where they are going to naturally erode, we have to let that )Tj
T*
0 Tw
(happen. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.206 Tw
(But the beaches are worth billions of dollars a year. Our estu-)Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.08 Tw
(aries do so much protection of our shoreline. So I think the natural )Tj
T*
0.06 Tw
(resources are really where you should be focusing, and the industry )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(can look to others. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.12 Tw
(I also think that you can help local communities plan for the ef-)Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.17 Tw
(fects that are coming from climate change impacts. Local commu-)Tj
T*
0.216 Tw
(nities are really, in some cases, clueless as to what they can do, )Tj
T*
0.108 Tw
(how they can do it. So they need planning money. They need tech-)Tj
T*
0.11 Tw
(nical assistance, and they need to be able to figure out how to mo-)Tj
T*
0.088 Tw
(bilize their communities so that they can withstand the inundation )Tj
T*
0.12 Tw
(and all the other kinds of climate change impacts. So that is what )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(I would do. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.076 Tw
(As far as the shoreline changing over the next 30 years, what we )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.084 Tw
(were referring to is the fact that infrastructure is going to be deep-)Tj
T*
0.188 Tw
(ly affected. I live in California, and we just put out a report, the )Tj
T*
0.198 Tw
(Pacific Institute did, that identified inundation areas. And things )Tj
T*
0.156 Tw
(like San Francisco airport and our ports are ground zero for a lot )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(of the flooding and inundation. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.162 Tw
(And we have to figure out how we are going to deal with these )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.298 Tw
(shoreline infrastructures that support our very economies. So it )Tj
T*
0.164 Tw
(seems to me that we are going to envision a very different shore-)Tj
T*
0.144 Tw
(line, configured in very different ways, and we need to start plan-)Tj
T*
0.236 Tw
(ning now because these are not changes that we can make in 5 )Tj
T*
0.19 Tw
(years or 10 years. It is going to take a while to either protect or )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(to relocate a lot of our crucial structures. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.086 Tw
(My understanding also is that people will be much more inclined )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.088 Tw
(to move toward the coast for water purposes and weather purposes )Tj
T*
0.172 Tw
(due to climate changes. And so, we are going to really be looking )Tj
T*
(at even more intense pressure, population pressures on the coast. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.192 Tw
(We are going to need to figure out how to reconfigure housing, )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.116 Tw
(maybe build higher. But we need to think out of the box. We need )Tj
T*
0.09 Tw
(to think about how we can live sustainably and have a good stand-)Tj
T*
0.15 Tw
(ard of living with these changes that are underway. And the next )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(30 years are going to be critical in our doing that. )Tj
1 -1 TD
(Senator S)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 202.8993 260.9999 Tm
0 Tw
(NOWE)Tj
10 0 0 10 229.2669 260.9999 Tm
0.052 Tw
(. Thank you. )Tj
-7.2267 -1 TD
(Ms. Cousteau, any comments? )Tj
T*
0.054 Tw
(Your testimony was very powerful as well and eloquent about the )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0 Tw
(impact. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.052 Tw
(Ms. C)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 184.3696 220.9999 Tm
0 Tw
(OUSTEAU)Tj
10 0 0 10 225.5609 220.9999 Tm
0.052 Tw
(. Thank you, Senator Snowe. )Tj
-6.8561 -1 TD
0.114 Tw
(Senator S)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 203.5193 210.9999 Tm
0 Tw
(NOWE)Tj
10 0 0 10 229.8869 210.9999 Tm
0.114 Tw
(. In Louisiana, the dead zone and so on has been )Tj
-8.2887 -1 TD
0.236 Tw
(a major conversation here, and we have made efforts concerning )Tj
T*
0.118 Tw
(dead zones and hypoxia, and it is true. I mean, we have got to try )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(to retard this expansion of these dead zones. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.316 Tw
(Ms. C)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 187.0096 171 Tm
0 Tw
(OUSTEAU)Tj
10 0 0 10 228.201 171 Tm
0.316 Tw
(. Thank you, Senator Snowe. I appreciate your )Tj
-8.1201 -1 TD
0 Tw
(comments. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.186 Tw
(And I feel strongly that we too often overlook the value of eco-)Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.092 Tw
(system services as we make our decisions about how to allocate re-)Tj
T*
0.286 Tw
(sources. The communities that I have spent time with not only )Tj
T*
0.136 Tw
(here in the United States, but around the world are the ones who )Tj
T*
(have no alternatives. They have nowhere else to go. They have no )Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm
1 g
0 Tw
[(VerDate Nov 24 2008 )-1076.9(09:02 Jul 16, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 050769)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00044)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(S:\\WPSHR\\GPO\\DOCS\\50769.TXT)-1076.9(SCOM1)-1076.9(PsN: JACKIE)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
151 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/F1 4 0 R
/F5 8 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
153 0 obj
<<
/Length 4974
>>
stream
BT
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm
0 g
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
(41 )Tj
-15.344 -2 TD
0.192 Tw
(last resort. And the communities of Golden Meadow in Louisiana )Tj
0 -1.04 TD
0.052 Tw
(were no different. )Tj
1 -1.04 TD
0.056 Tw
(If we are to really take a stand on protecting our oceans, we need )Tj
-1 -1.04 TD
0.134 Tw
(to start with concern for the communities that are being impacted )Tj
T*
0.102 Tw
(by the degradation of the oceans and understanding how that hap-)Tj
T*
0.218 Tw
(pens and what the consequences of that will be. Which is why I )Tj
T*
0.104 Tw
(said that ocean policy starts on land. It starts in St. Louis and the )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(decisions that are made on the Mississippi River. )Tj
1 -1.04 TD
0.13 Tw
(It starts on the Rio Grande. It starts with everyday people. And )Tj
-1 -1.04 TD
0.206 Tw
(if we are able to truly integrate ocean policy into policies for cli-)Tj
T*
0.1 Tw
(mate change, agriculture, urban development, energy, then we will )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(see the kind of change we need to out in the open ocean. )Tj
1 -1.04 TD
(Senator S)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 202.8993 516.2001 Tm
0 Tw
(NOWE)Tj
10 0 0 10 229.2669 516.2001 Tm
0.052 Tw
(. Thank you. )Tj
-7.2267 -1.04 TD
0.328 Tw
(Anyone else care to comment? Dr. Fenical, anything that we )Tj
-1 -1.04 TD
0.052 Tw
(should focus on, very quickly? )Tj
1 -1.04 TD
(Dr. F)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 181.9696 485.0001 Tm
0 Tw
(ENICAL)Tj
10 0 0 10 214.4091 485.0001 Tm
0.052 Tw
(. Just one comment. )Tj
-5.7409 -1.04 TD
(Senator S)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 202.8993 474.6001 Tm
0 Tw
(NOWE)Tj
10 0 0 10 229.2669 474.6001 Tm
0.052 Tw
(. Yes. )Tj
-7.2267 -1.04 TD
0.162 Tw
(Dr. F)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 183.0696 464.2001 Tm
0 Tw
(ENICAL)Tj
10 0 0 10 215.5091 464.2001 Tm
0.162 Tw
(. Just one comment that I think it is a very impor-)Tj
-6.8509 -1.04 TD
0.126 Tw
(tant activity to convince the public that these oceans, and particu-)Tj
T*
0.234 Tw
(larly coastal resources, are of great value to them. That without )Tj
T*
0.246 Tw
(their understanding of what this contributes to their daily lives, )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(you will have some difficulty. )Tj
1 -1.04 TD
0.08 Tw
(And a case in point is a product that was developed in the Baha-)Tj
-1 -1.04 TD
0.154 Tw
(mas Islands that was a cosmetic product derived by working with )Tj
T*
0.144 Tw
(a marine animal from that area. It was of such economic value to )Tj
T*
0.196 Tw
(the local communities that they literally quit fishing and quit fo-)Tj
T*
0.296 Tw
(cusing on some of the fishing resources that were dwindling in )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(numbers in that area. )Tj
1 -1.04 TD
0.214 Tw
(And so, I think developing a number of coastal industries that )Tj
-1 -1.04 TD
0.154 Tw
(focus on marine products will help greatly in convincing people to )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(work with their coastal resources. )Tj
1 -1.04 TD
(Senator S)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 202.8993 318.6001 Tm
0 Tw
(NOWE)Tj
10 0 0 10 229.2669 318.6001 Tm
0.052 Tw
(. Thank you. )Tj
-7.2267 -1.04 TD
0.144 Tw
(Mr. W)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 187.6895 308.2001 Tm
0 Tw
(ARREN)Tj
10 0 0 10 217.3131 308.2001 Tm
0.144 Tw
(. I will add a couple of points. With respect to fish-)Tj
-7.0313 -1.04 TD
0.06 Tw
(eries and research investments, I think there are a couple of guides )Tj
T*
0.194 Tw
(there. One is a study done by the National Academy of Sciences, )Tj
T*
0.332 Tw
(led by Kleypas in 2006, that articulates a research agenda for )Tj
T*
0.162 Tw
(ocean acidification. It is a good place to start. Funding the things )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(they call for there would make sense. )Tj
1 -1.04 TD
0.072 Tw
(To step a little beyond my canon into the territory of Dr. Fenical, )Tj
-1 -1.04 TD
0.184 Tw
(if we want to preserve the value the ocean is generating that we )Tj
T*
0.158 Tw
(havent even begun to harvest yet in pharmaceutical products, we )Tj
T*
0.252 Tw
(might want to think about where that value is. If it is like the )Tj
T*
0.164 Tw
(land, a lot of it is in things that sit still instead of swimplants, )Tj
T*
0.41 Tw
(not animals; corals; fixed living organisms that generate com-)Tj
T*
0.184 Tw
(pounds that they need in order to survive because they cant run )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(away from predators. )Tj
1 -1.04 TD
0.258 Tw
(That very complex chemistry they develop is going to be rich, )Tj
-1 -1.04 TD
0.186 Tw
(and we are going to lose a lot of it fast if we dont get on it and )Tj
0 -1.03 TD
0.156 Tw
(figure out, one, how to reduce the CO)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
7.78 0 0 6.5 329.9574 140.7407 Tm
0 Tw
(2)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 338.1874 141.9001 Tm
0.156 Tw
(input and, two, how to re-)Tj
-19.1187 -1.03 TD
0.126 Tw
(move some of those organisms from a vulnerable environment and )Tj
T*
0.268 Tw
(put them in protected aquarium environments where we control )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(the seawater content. )Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm
1 g
0 Tw
[(VerDate Nov 24 2008 )-1076.9(09:02 Jul 16, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 050769)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00045)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(S:\\WPSHR\\GPO\\DOCS\\50769.TXT)-1076.9(SCOM1)-1076.9(PsN: JACKIE)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
154 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/F1 4 0 R
/F5 8 0 R
/F10 82 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
156 0 obj
<<
/Length 4815
>>
stream
BT
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm
0 g
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
(42 )Tj
-14.344 -2 TD
0.152 Tw
(That is a long-term conservation need that will serve the devel-)Tj
-1 -1.02 TD
0.068 Tw
(opment of a pharmaceutical industry based on ocean products. I re-)Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(gret to say we might need that kind of protection. )Tj
1 -1.02 TD
0.12 Tw
(And beyond that, I cant say enoughmake a strong carbon pol-)Tj
-1 -1.02 TD
0.312 Tw
(icy. If we dont do that, everything else that we think matters )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(about the ocean is over. )Tj
1 -1.02 TD
(Thank you. )Tj
T*
(Senator S)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 202.8993 569.6 Tm
0 Tw
(NOWE)Tj
10 0 0 10 229.2669 569.6 Tm
0.052 Tw
(. Thank you. )Tj
-7.2267 -1.02 TD
0.394 Tw
(Mr. B)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 187.5996 559.4 Tm
0 Tw
(ABB)Tj
10 0 0 10 204.9273 559.4 Tm
(-B)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 215.4772 559.4 Tm
(ROTT)Tj
10 0 0 10 238.1488 559.4 Tm
0.394 Tw
(. Very briefly, Senator Snowe, I would offer )Tj
-9.1149 -1.02 TD
0.084 Tw
(three suggestions. Baseline oceanic data, a crucial component of all )Tj
T*
0.176 Tw
(of the work that is represented by the folks here on the panel. A )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(framework for Federal policy that supports and integrates state ini-)Tj
T*
0.112 Tw
(tiative, also very important. Each of the States, as you have heard )Tj
T*
0.288 Tw
(Dr. Kempton talk about, have taken similar, but somewhat dif-)Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(ferent approaches to addressing their issues. )Tj
1 -1.02 TD
0.17 Tw
(Like the CZMA, there needs to obviously be national consistent )Tj
-1 -1.02 TD
0.064 Tw
(policy. But it also needs to support and enhance the initiatives that )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(States and regions have undertaken themselves. )Tj
1 -1.02 TD
0.158 Tw
(Last, I would reiterate the support for and the recommendation )Tj
-1 -1.02 TD
0.278 Tw
(that NOAAs coastal mission be elevated and provided adequate )Tj
T*
0.15 Tw
(support. All of the panelists have spoken to the importance of the )Tj
T*
0.212 Tw
(coastal interface, both economically, socially, environmentally, ev-)Tj
T*
0.114 Tw
(erything about it. NOAA really is uniquely suited to serve that co-)Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(ordinating role, and that coordinating role is very much needed. )Tj
1 -1.02 TD
(Thank you. )Tj
T*
(Senator S)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 202.8993 386 Tm
0 Tw
(NOWE)Tj
10 0 0 10 229.2669 386 Tm
0.052 Tw
(. Thank you. )Tj
-7.2267 -1.02 TD
(Dr. Kempton? )Tj
T*
(Dr. K)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 183.0796 365.6 Tm
0 Tw
(EMPTON)Tj
10 0 0 10 219.823 365.6 Tm
0.052 Tw
(. Thank you. )Tj
-6.2823 -1.02 TD
0.094 Tw
(On research that might be within NOAAs jurisdiction, I think is )Tj
-1 -1.02 TD
0.052 Tw
(the question. I would agree with Mr. Babb-Brott that baseline stud-)Tj
T*
0.064 Tw
(ies are very useful. For in particular introducing new renewable re-)Tj
T*
0.182 Tw
(sources like offshore wind, we would like to knowin our region, )Tj
T*
0.114 Tw
(we would like to know the Atlantic flyway much better, have a re-)Tj
T*
0.186 Tw
(gion-wide bird study so we could see how to avoid impacts there. )Tj
1 -1.02 TD
0.2 Tw
(Also the type of study that I described of resources that is not )Tj
-1 -1.02 TD
0.188 Tw
(available, and you mentioned some work in Maine. I believe that )Tj
T*
0.062 Tw
(was done by your local university. So I think some funding for local )Tj
T*
0.13 Tw
(universities working with State governments to assess offshore re-)Tj
T*
0.146 Tw
(newable energy resources would be quite valuable and would help )Tj
T*
0.214 Tw
(get local academics up to speed, as well as informing State deci-)Tj
T*
0 Tw
(sionmakers. )Tj
1 -1.02 TD
0.34 Tw
(And a last specific one, NOAA maintains a wonderful set of )Tj
-1 -1.02 TD
0.172 Tw
(buoys, mostly near the surface, 10 meters. It would be very valu-)Tj
T*
0.19 Tw
(able to have a string of towers at 100-meter height, which is the )Tj
T*
0.18 Tw
(turbine hub height. They are expensive, $5 million each. But you )Tj
T*
0.082 Tw
(can put in a string of them for much less than doing one at a time, )Tj
T*
0.13 Tw
(and it would give us a much better idea of the resource out there, )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(as well as improving models of marine meteorology. )Tj
1 -1.02 TD
(Senator S)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 202.8993 151.4 Tm
0 Tw
(NOWE)Tj
10 0 0 10 229.2669 151.4 Tm
0.052 Tw
(. Again, thank you all very much. )Tj
-7.2267 -1.01 TD
(Thank you, Madam Chair. )Tj
T*
0.166 Tw
(Senator C)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 204.9593 131.1999 Tm
0 Tw
(ANTWELL)Tj
10 0 0 10 246.8866 131.1999 Tm
0.166 Tw
(. Again, thank you, Senator Snowe, for being )Tj
-9.9887 -1.01 TD
0.114 Tw
(here. I know you have got a busy schedule this morning, as we all )Tj
T*
0 Tw
(do. )Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm
1 g
[(VerDate Nov 24 2008 )-1076.9(09:02 Jul 16, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 050769)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00046)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(S:\\WPSHR\\GPO\\DOCS\\50769.TXT)-1076.9(SCOM1)-1076.9(PsN: JACKIE)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
157 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/F1 4 0 R
/F5 8 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
159 0 obj
<<
/Length 5744
>>
stream
BT
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm
0 g
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
(43 )Tj
-14.344 -2 TD
0.204 Tw
(I was mentioning to Senator Snowe, we are also in the middle )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.128 Tw
(of an Energy Committee markup in which right now the debate is )Tj
T*
0.188 Tw
(going on about opening up more offshore drilling, which I find to )Tj
T*
0.196 Tw
(be very conflicting to the information that is being provided here )Tj
T*
0.2 Tw
(today. So, hopefully, we can get our questions in and get over to )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(that debate so I can add my voice. )Tj
1 -1 TD
(I wanted to start with you, Mr. Warren, furthering the discussion )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.182 Tw
(on ocean acidification that you were just having. And I think the )Tj
T*
0.118 Tw
(thing that people may miss sometimes or dont fully understand is )Tj
T*
0.332 Tw
(that oceans have already absorbed nearly one-third of the CO)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
7.78 0 0 6.5 461.1656 549.8406 Tm
0 Tw
(2)Tj
10 0 0 10 465.0557 551 Tm
( )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
-31.8056 -1 TD
0.196 Tw
(added in the atmosphere. So we are already seeing this problem. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.14 Tw
(And for us, in Washington State, I dont know how familiar you )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.164 Tw
(are with the shellfish industryI know you are working with the )Tj
T*
0.058 Tw
(industry overallbut they are currently reeling from these bacteria )Tj
T*
0.092 Tw
(and disease-carrying pathogens that are hindering the seed growth )Tj
T*
0.246 Tw
(for the shellfish industry. So these types of bacteria are already )Tj
T*
0.28 Tw
(spreading because of temperature changes in the water and be-)Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(cause of global warming. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.1 Tw
(So what else can we do? Do we not have the sufficient or signifi-)Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.15 Tw
(cant scientific data necessary? Because this is, for us, well, it is a )Tj
T*
0.18 Tw
($100 million industry in the West in general, and I think we are )Tj
T*
0.08 Tw
(probably about $97 million of that in the Northwest. So it is a very )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(big impact to us. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.168 Tw
(So what else do we need to do to prove to people that this is a )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.052 Tw
(problem that is here today and real? )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.096 Tw
(Mr. W)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 187.2095 391 Tm
0 Tw
(ARREN)Tj
10 0 0 10 216.8331 391 Tm
0.096 Tw
(. Well, I think you hit it on the head. We need a lit-)Tj
-6.9833 -1 TD
0.07 Tw
(tle more research to really prove that this problem is caused by the )Tj
T*
0.164 Tw
(combination of warming, hypoxia, and acidification. Those are the )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(strongest suspects in the oyster crisis. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.178 Tw
(We have had a four-year run of reproductive failure in that in-)Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.194 Tw
(dustry. And if the things you grow dont reproduce, you have got )Tj
T*
0.296 Tw
(a problem. They are failing either because of an organism that )Tj
T*
0.19 Tw
(thrives in hypoxic, acidified water or because of the direct effects )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(of acidification and hypoxia. We dont know which one yet. )Tj
1 -1 TD
(The work to do that, if people are defininggo ahead. )Tj
T*
0.116 Tw
(Senator C)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 204.4593 290.9999 Tm
0 Tw
(ANTWELL)Tj
10 0 0 10 246.3867 290.9999 Tm
0.116 Tw
(. Can you explain why would that matter? Or )Tj
-9.9387 -1 TD
0.052 Tw
(does it? )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.122 Tw
(Mr. W)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 187.4695 270.9999 Tm
0 Tw
(ARREN)Tj
10 0 0 10 217.0931 270.9999 Tm
0.122 Tw
(. In order to figure out which nail to hit, it helps to )Tj
-7.0093 -1 TD
0.052 Tw
(know which one is actually holding the problem in place. )Tj
1 -1 TD
(Senator C)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 203.8193 250.9999 Tm
0 Tw
(ANTWELL)Tj
10 0 0 10 245.7466 250.9999 Tm
0.052 Tw
(. Well, if the cause is the same, though? )Tj
-8.8747 -1 TD
0.126 Tw
(Mr. W)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 187.5095 240.9999 Tm
0 Tw
(ARREN)Tj
10 0 0 10 217.1331 240.9999 Tm
0.126 Tw
(. If the problem is CO)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
7.78 0 0 6.5 323.0716 239.8405 Tm
0 Tw
(2)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 331.0016 240.9999 Tm
0.126 Tw
(and the underlying assump-)Tj
-18.4002 -1 TD
0.128 Tw
(tion behind both analyses is correct, then it is CO)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
7.78 0 0 6.5 387.0665 229.8406 Tm
0 Tw
(2)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 395.0166 230.9999 Tm
0.128 Tw
(we need to get )Tj
-24.8017 -1 TD
0.098 Tw
(at. But until we have strong data showing the economic impacts of )Tj
T*
0.068 Tw
(essentially a non-CO)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
7.78 0 0 6.5 244.6685 209.8405 Tm
0 Tw
(2)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 252.0186 210.9999 Tm
0.068 Tw
(policy, of not doing the job, until we have the )Tj
-10.5019 -1 TD
0.258 Tw
(economic and scientific basis to make the case that this is jobs, )Tj
T*
0.204 Tw
(livelihoods, food, lots of things that matter, then we are going to )Tj
T*
0.166 Tw
(have a hard time defending the policies that are necessary to im-)Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(plementto deal with that CO)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
7.78 0 0 6.5 291.6978 169.8406 Tm
0 Tw
(2)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 298.8879 171 Tm
(problem. )Tj
-14.1888 -1 TD
0.404 Tw
(Senator C)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 207.3393 160.9999 Tm
0 Tw
(ANTWELL)Tj
10 0 0 10 249.2666 160.9999 Tm
0.404 Tw
(. Wouldnt that lead to disastrous results, )Tj
-10.2267 -1 TD
0.154 Tw
(though? Wouldnt we have to waityou are saying wait for disas-)Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(trous results to prove that? )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.134 Tw
(Mr. W)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 187.5895 130.9999 Tm
0 Tw
(ARREN)Tj
10 0 0 10 217.2131 130.9999 Tm
0.134 Tw
(. Well, that is one way to do it. Another way would )Tj
-7.0213 -1 TD
0.178 Tw
(be to do a very rapid investment in research to establish what is )Tj
T*
0.206 Tw
(causing the problem so that we can stand up and say here it is. )Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm
1 g
0 Tw
[(VerDate Nov 24 2008 )-1076.9(09:02 Jul 16, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 050769)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00047)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(S:\\WPSHR\\GPO\\DOCS\\50769.TXT)-1076.9(SCOM1)-1076.9(PsN: JACKIE)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
160 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/F1 4 0 R
/F5 8 0 R
/F10 82 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
162 0 obj
<<
/Length 5053
>>
stream
BT
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm
0 g
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
(44 )Tj
-15.344 -2 TD
0.058 Tw
(This is what is driving the problem here. It is causing a lot of harm )Tj
0 -1 TD
0.054 Tw
(to an industry worth 100 million bucks a year, and it is going cause )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(a lot more. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.212 Tw
(And that is a good case study to think about funding research )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.052 Tw
(in, and there are people working on a research agenda for that, and )Tj
T*
(they are worth talking to. They are asking good questions. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.174 Tw
(Senator C)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 205.0393 581 Tm
0 Tw
(ANTWELL)Tj
10 0 0 10 246.9666 581 Tm
0.174 Tw
(. We are very interested and very supportive )Tj
-9.9967 -1 TD
0.152 Tw
(of that kind of research because we see the problem coming at us )Tj
T*
0.09 Tw
(very directly now in the Northwest. And if this is the kind of thing )Tj
T*
0.19 Tw
(that can happen in other industriesI mean, sorry, other sectors )Tj
T*
0.158 Tw
(of the seafood industry, it is going to cause huge problems for us. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.052 Tw
(Dr. Fenical, you are a supporter of more research. You mentioned )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.14 Tw
(the Oceans and Human Health Act. What do we need to do, more )Tj
T*
0.232 Tw
(specifically? I know we have authorized about $60 million, but I )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(dont think much has gotten appropriated in this area. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.12 Tw
(What do we need to do to change the research and get the right )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.31 Tw
(research that both helps us address the adaptation and impact )Tj
T*
0.078 Tw
(issues as well as the kind of advancements that you are suggesting )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(in medicine? )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.182 Tw
(Dr. F)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 183.2696 450.9999 Tm
0 Tw
(ENICAL)Tj
10 0 0 10 215.7091 450.9999 Tm
0.182 Tw
(. Well, I think that is right. I think the problem is )Tj
-6.8709 -1 TD
0.2 Tw
(that there is authorization, but no research dollars or very small )Tj
T*
0.24 Tw
(numbers of research dollars coming down to address these prob-)Tj
T*
0.168 Tw
(lems. I think it is a matter of understanding that the uniqueness )Tj
T*
0.212 Tw
(of the oceans and human health legislation and the fact that we )Tj
T*
0.174 Tw
(can address through that resource some of the problems that Mr. )Tj
T*
0.068 Tw
(Warren has talked about and, in addition, the positive health bene-)Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(fits of the ocean. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.202 Tw
(So it is quite an overreaching legislation that I would argue is )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.176 Tw
(growing in importance each day and that we should support very )Tj
T*
0 Tw
(strongly. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.304 Tw
(Senator C)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 206.3393 341 Tm
0 Tw
(ANTWELL)Tj
10 0 0 10 248.2666 341 Tm
0.304 Tw
(. And how would you direct those research )Tj
-10.1267 -1 TD
0.108 Tw
(dollars? What is the best way to, if we want to accelerate what we )Tj
T*
0.17 Tw
(have done so far, both in the amount of money, but obviously be-)Tj
T*
0.252 Tw
(cause these very species and sources that you are talking about )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(getting data from are also in jeopardy. )Tj
1 -1 TD
(Dr. F)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 181.9696 290.9999 Tm
0 Tw
(ENICAL)Tj
10 0 0 10 214.4091 290.9999 Tm
0.052 Tw
(. Exactly. )Tj
-5.7409 -1 TD
0.188 Tw
(Senator C)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 205.1793 280.9999 Tm
0 Tw
(ANTWELL)Tj
10 0 0 10 247.1067 280.9999 Tm
0.188 Tw
(. So what is the best way to pursue that re-)Tj
-10.0107 -1 TD
0 Tw
(search? )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.052 Tw
(Dr. F)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 181.9696 260.9999 Tm
0 Tw
(ENICAL)Tj
10 0 0 10 214.4091 260.9999 Tm
0.052 Tw
(. I think the problem )Tj
-5.7409 -1 TD
0.366 Tw
(Senator C)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 206.9593 250.9999 Tm
0 Tw
(ANTWELL)Tj
10 0 0 10 248.8866 250.9999 Tm
0.366 Tw
(. Through our universities and institutions )Tj
-10.1887 -1 TD
0 Tw
(or )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.204 Tw
(Dr. F)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 183.4896 230.9999 Tm
0 Tw
(ENICAL)Tj
10 0 0 10 215.9291 230.9999 Tm
0.204 Tw
(. I think one of the problems with the Oceans and )Tj
-6.8929 -1 TD
0.22 Tw
(Human Health Act is that it is struggling to know how to effec-)Tj
T*
0.088 Tw
(tively allocate those moneys. On one hand, the Oceans and Human )Tj
T*
0.19 Tw
(Health addresses negative health benefits of the ocean and of in-)Tj
T*
0.124 Tw
(habitants or organisms within the sea, and on the other hand, ad-)Tj
T*
0.122 Tw
(dresses the positive health benefits the ocean will provide and has )Tj
T*
0 Tw
(provided. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.262 Tw
(And so, in fact, the total allocation of funding through NOAA )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.13 Tw
(may not address the positive aspects of health. But I think NOAA )Tj
T*
(allocations and previous allocations through the National Institute )Tj
T*
0.146 Tw
(of Environmental Health Sciences and the National Science Foun-)Tj
T*
0.12 Tw
(dation do have the opportunity to address head-on the elements of )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(climate change, ocean acidification, and so on. )Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm
1 g
0 Tw
[(VerDate Nov 24 2008 )-1076.9(09:02 Jul 16, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 050769)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00048)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(S:\\WPSHR\\GPO\\DOCS\\50769.TXT)-1076.9(SCOM1)-1076.9(PsN: JACKIE)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
163 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/F1 4 0 R
/F5 8 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
165 0 obj
<<
/Length 4648
>>
stream
BT
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm
0 g
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
(45 )Tj
-14.344 -2 TD
0.102 Tw
(But we have to act through that Oceans and Human Health leg-)Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.29 Tw
(islation. It has to be strong and directed to create programs to )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(solve these problems. )Tj
1 -1 TD
(Senator C)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 203.8193 611 Tm
0 Tw
(ANTWELL)Tj
10 0 0 10 245.7466 611 Tm
0.052 Tw
(. Thank you. )Tj
-8.8747 -1 TD
(Did you have a comment on that, Dr. Kildow? )Tj
T*
0.308 Tw
(Dr. K)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 185.6396 591 Tm
0 Tw
(ILDOW)Tj
10 0 0 10 214.5272 591 Tm
0.308 Tw
(. Yes. I have two comments. Number one, on the )Tj
-6.7527 -1 TD
0.31 Tw
(ocean acidification research, I think that several panelists have )Tj
T*
0.076 Tw
(mentioned that we really dont quite know the impacts of the acidi-)Tj
T*
0.068 Tw
(fication problem yet on marine creatures. We have a lot of informa-)Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(tion, but we really dont have a definite predictive capacity. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.166 Tw
(I think that more money needs to be put into doing the experi-)Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.114 Tw
(ments, which are very expensive, to determine the impact of acidi-)Tj
T*
0.226 Tw
(fication on living resources, including the kinds of problems that )Tj
T*
0.18 Tw
(we are talking about up in your state. So that would be the first )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(thing that I think is overlooked. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.152 Tw
(It is assumed that the scientists can do it, but it is very expen-)Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.088 Tw
(sive, especially in deep waters, to figure out the impact on the food )Tj
T*
0 Tw
(chain. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.068 Tw
(The second thing I would suggest is that we are all talking about )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.182 Tw
(jobs. We are all talking about the economy of our States, and we )Tj
T*
0.158 Tw
(are all talking about the survival of certain industries. We do not )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(have good economic data, particularly on the fishing industry. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.1 Tw
(Fishermen have been exempted from reporting the way other in-)Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.062 Tw
(dustries do. They are self-employed as far as categories of IRS. And )Tj
T*
0.116 Tw
(for those of us collecting economic data, we cannot get data on the )Tj
T*
0.22 Tw
(number of fishermen, on their earnings, and therefore, it is very )Tj
T*
0.188 Tw
(hard to know what the potential losses are to the industry. They )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(dont come under the unemployment rules. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.288 Tw
(So this has been a big handicap for all of us collecting data. )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.212 Tw
(When buyouts of fishermen are done, this is done by the seat of )Tj
T*
0.33 Tw
(the pants because we dont really know what they should rep-)Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(resent. That is one of the things. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.066 Tw
(The other thing is that the collection of economic data in general, )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.154 Tw
(the kind that my report reports, has just not been a very popular )Tj
T*
0.184 Tw
(kind of activity. It is research. It is as important research as the )Tj
T*
0.116 Tw
(scientific research that my colleagues have been discussing on this )Tj
T*
0 Tw
(panel. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.102 Tw
(And yet it has not been considered research, and it has not been )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.114 Tw
(funded. And it has notthere is nothing in the funding for the fu-)Tj
T*
0.154 Tw
(ture that is going to do it either. As I said at the end of my talk, )Tj
T*
0.056 Tw
(the economic research that we have been doing has come to an end. )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(There is no more money for it. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.298 Tw
(So if we want the kind of data about blue jobs, about sus-)Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.182 Tw
(taining our economy, and how important the kinds of things that )Tj
T*
0.096 Tw
(all of these people have been talking about, we do not have a facil-)Tj
T*
0.24 Tw
(ity for doing that. And the Government needs to keep ocean ac-)Tj
T*
0.076 Tw
(counts. There is justwe are one of the few governments in the in-)Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(dustrialized world that is not doing it now. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.244 Tw
(Canada, the UK, France, the European Union, Australia, New )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.09 Tw
(Zealand, I could go on. Their governments are all supporting ocean )Tj
T*
0.116 Tw
(accounts. Our Government is not. I think it is really important for )Tj
T*
0.06 Tw
(us to have the information that you are seeking that we keep ocean )Tj
T*
0.214 Tw
(accounts and understand the Blue Economy, the jobs that are to )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(be gained or lost from what is happening. )Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm
1 g
0 Tw
[(VerDate Nov 24 2008 )-1076.9(09:02 Jul 16, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 050769)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00049)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(S:\\WPSHR\\GPO\\DOCS\\50769.TXT)-1076.9(SCOM1)-1076.9(PsN: JACKIE)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
166 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/F1 4 0 R
/F5 8 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
168 0 obj
<<
/Length 4774
>>
stream
BT
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm
0 g
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
(46 )Tj
-14.344 -2 TD
0.296 Tw
(Senator C)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 206.2593 641 Tm
0 Tw
(ANTWELL)Tj
10 0 0 10 248.1866 641 Tm
0.296 Tw
(. Well, I couldnt agree with you more. We )Tj
-10.1187 -1 TD
0.206 Tw
(have talked a little bit about the impact on the fishing industry. )Tj
T*
0.308 Tw
(We havent really talked about how climate change can change )Tj
T*
0.282 Tw
(water levels, and that impact on coastal communities and what )Tj
T*
0.13 Tw
(that can mean. But for us, the port of Tacoma was responsible for )Tj
T*
0.238 Tw
($35 billion in total trade in 2008, with 113,000 jobs; the port of )Tj
T*
0.082 Tw
(Everett, $17 billion and 2,600 jobs; Seattle, $40 billion and 190,000 )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(direct and indirect jobs. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.138 Tw
(So I hear you. These kinds of changes to our oceans and waters )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.258 Tw
(will have huge impacts on these economies. And I think todays )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(hearing has shone a bright light on that. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.134 Tw
(And Ms. Cousteau, you talked about this as it directly impacted )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.074 Tw
(New Orleans. But how do we get this message across about the ad-)Tj
T*
0.06 Tw
(aptation that has to happen? Do you think that we are just missing )Tj
T*
0.188 Tw
(this information or research, or do you think there is more to it? )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.228 Tw
(Ms. C)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 186.1296 490.9999 Tm
0 Tw
(OUSTEAU)Tj
10 0 0 10 227.321 490.9999 Tm
0.228 Tw
(. I think that, as my colleagues here have men-)Tj
-8.0321 -1 TD
0.144 Tw
(tioned, we do need to invest an enormous amount of money in re-)Tj
T*
0.208 Tw
(search and evaluation. I also think that we have underestimated )Tj
T*
0.172 Tw
(the importance of communication and engaging individuals to un-)Tj
T*
0.314 Tw
(derstand how they are part of the solution, how we are down-)Tj
T*
0.078 Tw
(stream from one another, and how we all have to play a role in the )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(protection of our water resources. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.138 Tw
(What astounded me when I was in Louisiana was that the Mis-)Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.184 Tw
(sissippi River drains 40 percent of this country, from Montana to )Tj
T*
0.216 Tw
(Pennsylvania. And all the way down to Louisiana, the actions of )Tj
T*
0.308 Tw
(every individual impact that enormous watershed that tells the )Tj
T*
0.202 Tw
(story of this country. And being able to engage people in that so )Tj
T*
0.254 Tw
(that they understand how they impact one another is incredibly )Tj
T*
0 Tw
(important. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.096 Tw
(I think Government agencies have a big role to play in that, and )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.1 Tw
(NOAA has wonderful educational programs. But I think that is in-)Tj
T*
0.196 Tw
(credibly important for all of us to share responsibility for our re-)Tj
T*
0.432 Tw
(sources and the stewardship of our resources and the under-)Tj
T*
0.272 Tw
(standing that we are all downstream from one another and the )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(choices that we make impact people downstream. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.142 Tw
(And I will just end with this. It was very moving to spend time )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.18 Tw
(with these Cajun fishermen. I have spent time with fishermen in )Tj
T*
0.276 Tw
(Panama and in Africa and all over. But these men and women )Tj
T*
0.286 Tw
(were really living on the edge. They were surrounded by water )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(where there had once been fields. Now it was ocean. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.27 Tw
(And their levees were the only thing that was separating the )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.208 Tw
(Gulf from their homes. And they were talking about farmers up-)Tj
T*
0.206 Tw
(stream and the impact of the agricultural runoff, and why didnt )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(we take action to protect the fisheries from overuse of fertilizer? )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.16 Tw
(And I think that it is incredible when you think that if a cloud )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.266 Tw
(of toxic gas were to cover New Jersey and the only things that )Tj
T*
0.246 Tw
(could survive were ones that could run out of the State, that is )Tj
T*
0.072 Tw
(what is happening in the Gulf of Mexico. This cloud of hypoxia cov-)Tj
T*
0.166 Tw
(ers an area the size of New Jersey, and the only things that sur-)Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(vive are what can escape that area. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.134 Tw
(People will go to the beach with their buckets and catch shrimp )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.24 Tw
(that are jumping out of the water to breathe because they cant )Tj
T*
0.284 Tw
(breathe in the water anymore. And as Mr. Warren was saying, )Tj
T*
0.098 Tw
(when the water is not fit for life, then we have a big problem. And )Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm
1 g
0 Tw
[(VerDate Nov 24 2008 )-1076.9(09:02 Jul 16, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 050769)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00050)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(S:\\WPSHR\\GPO\\DOCS\\50769.TXT)-1076.9(SCOM1)-1076.9(PsN: JACKIE)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
169 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/F1 4 0 R
/F5 8 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
171 0 obj
<<
/Length 4807
>>
stream
BT
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm
0 g
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
(47 )Tj
-15.344 -2 TD
0.114 Tw
(short-term priorities can no longer get in the way of our long-term )Tj
0 -1.02 TD
0.052 Tw
(priority of protecting life in the oceans. )Tj
1 -1.02 TD
(Thank you. )Tj
T*
(Senator C)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 203.8193 610.4 Tm
0 Tw
(ANTWELL)Tj
10 0 0 10 245.7466 610.4 Tm
0.052 Tw
(. Thank you. )Tj
-8.8747 -1.02 TD
0.356 Tw
(I said in my statement, and Dr. Kildow, you mentioned the )Tj
-1 -1.02 TD
0.2 Tw
(NOAA budget. And I have said we need to at least double it. Of )Tj
T*
0.198 Tw
(its $4.48 billion, I know that EPA is getting something like a 37 )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(percent increase right now. )Tj
1 -1.02 TD
0.068 Tw
(What do we need to do to get the resources? What are we talking )Tj
-1 -1.02 TD
0.204 Tw
(about here to adequately get the resources to address this issue? )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(Each of you could comment on that. )Tj
1 -1.02 TD
0.19 Tw
(Dr. K)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 184.4596 528.8 Tm
0 Tw
(ILDOW)Tj
10 0 0 10 213.3472 528.8 Tm
0.19 Tw
(. I think that people need to understand, in the in-)Tj
-6.6347 -1.02 TD
0.06 Tw
(land States as well as the coastal States, the urgency of these prob-)Tj
T*
0.134 Tw
(lems. I think that if people understood urgencyI think that they )Tj
T*
0.136 Tw
(understand there are problems. I dont think they get the urgency )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(of what is happening. )Tj
1 -1.02 TD
0.248 Tw
(And somehow, we have to be able to communicate better that )Tj
-1 -1.02 TD
0.134 Tw
(there is urgency because I think if you and your other elected col-)Tj
T*
0.074 Tw
(leagues would understand that we do not have much time and that )Tj
T*
0.196 Tw
(there will be calamitous effects if we do not act, that NOAA and )Tj
T*
0.094 Tw
(the climate change programs would and should get the money that )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(they deserve to do the work that is just so wanting. )Tj
1 -1.02 TD
0.136 Tw
(I dont know what else to suggest. It has been a big frustration. )Tj
-1 -1.02 TD
0.212 Tw
(Scientists are stepping up. They are speaking out now. They are )Tj
T*
0 Tw
(testifying. )Tj
1 -1.02 TD
0.154 Tw
(But I think that people in the Midwest, in the areas that drain )Tj
-1 -1.02 TD
0.188 Tw
(into the Mississippi need to understand that the U.S. economy is )Tj
T*
0.186 Tw
(the coastal economy. We cant look at it any differently now, and )Tj
T*
0.196 Tw
(they need to understand that the coasts are their lives and their )Tj
T*
0.114 Tw
(livelihood. So that Kansas City as well as Long Beach are depend-)Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(ent on the same economy. )Tj
1 -1.02 TD
0.308 Tw
(Senator C)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 206.3793 324.8 Tm
0 Tw
(ANTWELL)Tj
10 0 0 10 248.3067 324.8 Tm
0.308 Tw
(. So that sounds to me like maybe a little )Tj
-10.1307 -1.02 TD
0.156 Tw
(more than doubling of the budget over 4 years. Is that a yes or a )Tj
T*
0 Tw
(no? )Tj
1 -1.02 TD
([Laughter.] )Tj
T*
0.09 Tw
(Dr. K)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 183.4596 284 Tm
0 Tw
(ILDOW)Tj
10 0 0 10 212.3472 284 Tm
0.09 Tw
(. You know, I couldnt begin to tell you how much re-)Tj
-6.5347 -1.02 TD
0.178 Tw
(sources, but what I was trying to show is that over the years, as )Tj
T*
0.13 Tw
(the problems with the ocean have increased, the percentage of the )Tj
T*
0.362 Tw
(Federal budget that has been dedicated to the oceans has de-)Tj
T*
0 Tw
(creased. )Tj
1 -1.02 TD
0.052 Tw
(Senator C)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 203.8193 233 Tm
0 Tw
(ANTWELL)Tj
10 0 0 10 245.7466 233 Tm
0.052 Tw
(. Has decreased, yes. Thank you. )Tj
-8.8747 -1.02 TD
0.178 Tw
(Ms. Cousteau or Dr. Fenical, do you have a number or an idea )Tj
-1 -1.02 TD
0.052 Tw
(of how we should look at this? )Tj
1 -1.02 TD
0.07 Tw
(Dr. F)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 182.1496 202.4 Tm
0 Tw
(ENICAL)Tj
10 0 0 10 214.5891 202.4 Tm
0.07 Tw
(. Well, one of the concerns I have is the issue of real-)Tj
-6.7589 -1.02 TD
0.056 Tw
(ly funneling research funds to those people in a position to examine )Tj
T*
0.116 Tw
(some of these issues. And it strikes me that the issues are not the )Tj
T*
0.284 Tw
(same for all of us. In fact, coastal States are obviously not the )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(same. They have different problems. They have different issues. )Tj
1 -1.02 TD
0.276 Tw
(And I want to refresh your memory about the Department of )Tj
-1 -1.01 TD
0.202 Tw
(Commerce Sea Grant program that is a national program, but is )Tj
T*
0.066 Tw
(dedicated to create research activities around the sea in each of the )Tj
T*
0.234 Tw
(coastal and Great Lakes States. This program frequently creates )Tj
T*
0.184 Tw
(new initiatives. It creates activities, both of positive and negative )Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm
1 g
0 Tw
[(VerDate Nov 24 2008 )-1076.9(09:02 Jul 16, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 050769)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00051)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(S:\\WPSHR\\GPO\\DOCS\\50769.TXT)-1076.9(SCOM1)-1076.9(PsN: JACKIE)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
172 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/F1 4 0 R
/F5 8 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
175 0 obj
<<
/Length 5283
>>
stream
BT
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm
0 g
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
(48 )Tj
-15.344 -2 TD
0.218 Tw
(impacts from the ocean. And I think it could be used very effec-)Tj
0 -1 TD
0.052 Tw
(tively to focus funding for these activities. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.104 Tw
(Senator C)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 204.3393 621 Tm
0 Tw
(ANTWELL)Tj
10 0 0 10 246.2666 621 Tm
0.104 Tw
(. OK. And Mr. Warren or anybody else on the )Tj
-9.9267 -1 TD
0 Tw
(panel? )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.204 Tw
(Mr. W)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 188.2895 601 Tm
0 Tw
(ARREN)Tj
10 0 0 10 217.9131 601 Tm
0.204 Tw
(. I will give you two quick thoughts. The numbers )Tj
-7.0913 -1 TD
0.176 Tw
(I hear about in terms of what people think it will take to fund a )Tj
T*
0.26 Tw
(really good national ocean acidification research program? About )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
($30 million a year. So probably doable if we pay attention. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.204 Tw
(One of the concerns that some people have raised, and I think )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.168 Tw
(it is a valid one, is if we fund that by robbing Peter to pay Paul, )Tj
T*
0.176 Tw
(dipping into the funding to support fisheries survey work, we are )Tj
T*
0.21 Tw
(really not serving the cause. Because that data is how we try to )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(maintain sustainable fisheries. We are going to have to do both. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.066 Tw
(We are going to need that steady flow of fishery survey data, and )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.292 Tw
(we are going to need a whole new raft of data about changing )Tj
T*
0.362 Tw
(ocean conditions in order to make sure we understand it well )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(enough to manage. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.342 Tw
(Senator C)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 206.7193 471 Tm
0 Tw
(ANTWELL)Tj
10 0 0 10 248.6467 471 Tm
0.342 Tw
(. Thirty million hardly seems like a lot of )Tj
-10.1647 -1 TD
0.12 Tw
(money if we are the third-largest economy in the world. If you are )Tj
T*
0.066 Tw
(taking the ocean communities and saying they are the third-largest )Tj
T*
0.098 Tw
(GDP in the world, $30 million to help deal with ocean acidification )Tj
T*
0.24 Tw
(seems like next to nothing to protect that huge resource for our )Tj
T*
0 Tw
(economy. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.354 Tw
(Dr. Kempton or Mr. Babb-Brott, do you have any comments )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0 Tw
(about )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.058 Tw
(Mr. B)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 184.2396 391 Tm
0 Tw
(ABB)Tj
10 0 0 10 201.5673 391 Tm
(-B)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 212.1172 391 Tm
(ROTT)Tj
10 0 0 10 234.7888 391 Tm
0.058 Tw
(. I would offer briefly that regardless of what the )Tj
-8.7789 -1 TD
0.102 Tw
(number or what the appropriate number is, we have an obligation, )Tj
T*
0.138 Tw
(I think, to use the resources that we do have or that we could ac-)Tj
T*
0.15 Tw
(quire wisely, and I know I mentioned this in my testimony. But I )Tj
T*
0.064 Tw
(would reiterate that we can use the Federal budget more efficiently )Tj
T*
0.054 Tw
(through centralized and coordinated action by the Federal agencies. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.094 Tw
(From a parochial management interest at the State and regional )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.21 Tw
(level, it can be a frustrating thicket to navigate, and it certainly )Tj
T*
(impedes the kind of creative, constructive initiative and response )Tj
T*
0.34 Tw
(to the issues that we have been discussing here this morning. )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(Again, I think that NOAA is well suited to handle that role. )Tj
1 -1 TD
(Thank you. )Tj
T*
(Senator C)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 203.8193 270.9999 Tm
0 Tw
(ANTWELL)Tj
10 0 0 10 245.7466 270.9999 Tm
0.052 Tw
(. Dr. Kempton? )Tj
-8.8747 -1 TD
0.096 Tw
(Dr. K)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 183.5196 260.9999 Tm
0 Tw
(EMPTON)Tj
10 0 0 10 220.263 260.9999 Tm
0.096 Tw
(. I certainly think that increasing the amount of ef-)Tj
-7.3263 -1 TD
0.204 Tw
(fort on ocean acidification would be very valuable. I am not sure )Tj
T*
0.172 Tw
(if we need to just prove that it is happening, although that prob-)Tj
T*
0.15 Tw
(ably helps to get increasing numbers of people buying into it. But )Tj
T*
0.14 Tw
(as my remarks mentioned, I think it is important to also have re-)Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(searchers working on solution paths. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.1 Tw
(I see a lot of elected officials who are ready to do something, but )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.148 Tw
(they are not sure what to do. So in addition to demonstrating the )Tj
T*
0.128 Tw
(effects, which can already be seen in fisheries and dead zones and )Tj
T*
0.08 Tw
(so forth, it is important to work on the how you reduce the amount )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(of CO)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
7.78 0 0 6.5 173.6296 159.8406 Tm
0 Tw
(2)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 180.8197 160.9999 Tm
0.052 Tw
(that humans are putting into the atmosphere. )Tj
-2.382 -1 TD
0.13 Tw
(And if you just sort of pour money in the top, that can bethat )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.254 Tw
(can all go to sort of traditional activities, whereas prevention of )Tj
T*
0 Tw
(CO)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
7.78 0 0 6.5 161.9997 129.8405 Tm
(2)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 169.3098 130.9999 Tm
0.064 Tw
(emissions is not central to the way NOAA may see its mission, )Tj
-2.231 -1 TD
0.056 Tw
(although they do have some departments. So I think some direction )Tj
T*
0.072 Tw
(from the legislative side on working on solution paths because a lot )Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm
1 g
0 Tw
[(VerDate Nov 24 2008 )-1076.9(09:02 Jul 16, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 050769)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00052)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(S:\\WPSHR\\GPO\\DOCS\\50769.TXT)-1076.9(SCOM1)-1076.9(PsN: JACKIE)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
176 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/F1 4 0 R
/F5 8 0 R
/F10 82 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
178 0 obj
<<
/Length 3679
>>
stream
BT
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 300.44 661 Tm
0 g
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
(49 )Tj
-15.344 -2 TD
0.244 Tw
(of the solution paths, at least for coastal States, are also in the )Tj
0 -1 TD
0 Tw
(ocean. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.154 Tw
(But coastal managers may not see themselves as those who are )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.228 Tw
(supposed to facilitate development of ocean renewable energy re-)Tj
T*
0.194 Tw
(sources, for example, but they could play a productive role there. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.172 Tw
(Senator C)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 205.0193 591 Tm
0 Tw
(ANTWELL)Tj
10 0 0 10 246.9466 591 Tm
0.172 Tw
(. And what about adaptation? Is that part of )Tj
-9.9947 -1 TD
0.204 Tw
(the solution kit? Is that what, when you say solutions, are you )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(talking specifically about )Tj
1 -1 TD
(Dr. K)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 183.0796 561 Tm
0 Tw
(EMPTON)Tj
10 0 0 10 219.823 561 Tm
0.052 Tw
(. Well, a personsorry. )Tj
-6.2823 -1 TD
0.192 Tw
(Senator C)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 205.2193 551 Tm
0 Tw
(ANTWELL)Tj
10 0 0 10 247.1467 551 Tm
0.192 Tw
(. Or were you talking about the reduction of )Tj
-10.0147 -1 TD
0 Tw
(CO)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
7.78 0 0 6.5 161.9997 539.8406 Tm
(2)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 165.8898 541 Tm
(? )Tj
-0.889 -1 TD
0.148 Tw
(Dr. K)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 184.0396 530.9999 Tm
0 Tw
(EMPTON)Tj
10 0 0 10 220.783 530.9999 Tm
0.148 Tw
(. I was talking about reducing CO)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
7.78 0 0 6.5 385.8007 529.8406 Tm
0 Tw
(2)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 389.6907 530.9999 Tm
0.148 Tw
(. A personal re-)Tj
-24.2691 -1 TD
0.226 Tw
(action to your question is adaptation I find very frightening. We )Tj
T*
0.188 Tw
(live in a very low-lying State, and talking about adapting to sea- )Tj
T*
0.094 Tw
(level rise means essentially abandoning Delaware. It will be an ar-)Tj
T*
0.088 Tw
(chipelago. And I think you could say the same type of things about )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(shellfishing in Washington. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.188 Tw
(So I dont think there is any adaptation to that. That is why I )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.28 Tw
(am focused in my research and our whole group on prevention, )Tj
T*
0.172 Tw
(which means keeping CO)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
7.78 0 0 6.5 269.5782 449.8406 Tm
0 Tw
(2)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 277.9683 450.9999 Tm
0.172 Tw
(from going into the atmosphere, which )Tj
-13.0968 -1 TD
0.052 Tw
(means changing energy production and agricultural activities. )Tj
1 -1 TD
(Senator C)Tj
8 0 0 7.6194 203.8193 431 Tm
0 Tw
(ANTWELL)Tj
10 0 0 10 245.7466 431 Tm
0.052 Tw
(. Well, I think there are some who believe that )Tj
-9.8747 -1 TD
0.054 Tw
(if we actually do the work behind adaptation, it would become clear )Tj
T*
0.166 Tw
(to everyone that that is not a sustainable route. That it is only a )Tj
T*
0.124 Tw
(temporary issue for dealing with the impacts, but the real issue is )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(to change course. So I appreciate you bringing up that point. )Tj
1 -1 TD
0.316 Tw
(And I want to thank all of the witnesses for your testimony )Tj
-1 -1 TD
0.098 Tw
(today. We are going to leave the record open so that my colleagues )Tj
T*
0.108 Tw
(can submit questions, and hopefully, you can get a quick response. )Tj
T*
0.152 Tw
(But we do plan to move on legislation in this area, and we thank )Tj
T*
0.094 Tw
(you for helping us build a record to show how incredibly important )Tj
T*
0.108 Tw
(the Blue Economy really is to our country and what we need to do )Tj
T*
0.052 Tw
(to protect it. )Tj
1 -1 TD
(This hearing is adjourned. )Tj
T*
([Whereupon, at 10:55 a.m., the hearing was adjourned.] )Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm
1 g
0 Tw
[(VerDate Nov 24 2008 )-1076.9(09:02 Jul 16, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 050769)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00053)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(S:\\WPSHR\\GPO\\DOCS\\50769.TXT)-1076.9(SCOM1)-1076.9(PsN: JACKIE)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
179 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/F1 4 0 R
/F5 8 0 R
/F10 82 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
181 0 obj
<<
/Length 275
>>
stream
BT
/F5 1 Tf
6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm
1 g
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
[(VerDate Nov 24 2008 )-1076.9(09:02 Jul 16, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 050769)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00054)-1076.9(Fmt 6633)-1076.9(Sfmt 6601)-1076.9(S:\\WPSHR\\GPO\\DOCS\\50769.TXT)-1076.9(SCOM1)-1076.9(PsN: JACKIE)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
182 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/F5 8 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
184 0 obj
<<
/Length 5570
>>
stream
BT
/F1 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 298.88 111 Tm
0 g
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
(\(51\) )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
12 0 0 12 246.68 587 Tm
0.5733 Tc
[(APPENDIX)573.3( )]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 189.46 562.6 Tm
0 Tc
(P)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 194.7959 562.6 Tm
(REPARED)Tj
8 0 0 8 229.7879 562.6 Tm
(S)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 234.8278 562.6 Tm
[(TATEMENT)-412.5(OF)]TJ
8 0 0 8 287.2822 562.6 Tm
(S)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 292.3221 562.6 Tm
(ENATOR)Tj
8 0 0 8 323.2885 562.6 Tm
(J)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 327.7364 562.6 Tm
(OHN)Tj
8 0 0 8 345.9028 562.6 Tm
0.0525 Tw
(D. R)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 362.7705 562.6 Tm
0 Tw
(OCKEFELLER)Tj
8 0 0 8 411.2793 562.6 Tm
(IV, )Tj
-21.5124 -1.05 TD
0.0525 Tw
(U.S. S)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 262.8716 554.2 Tm
0 Tw
[(ENATOR)-412.5(FROM)]TJ
8 0 0 8 316.3884 554.2 Tm
(W)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 324.2363 554.2 Tm
(EST)Tj
8 0 0 8 339.7979 554.2 Tm
(V)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.0958 345.5738 554.2 Tm
(IRGINIA)Tj
8 0 0 8 372.825 554.2 Tm
( )Tj
-27.2281 -1.675 TD
0.1975 Tw
(Our oceans and coasts are sources of great economic and environmental wealth )Tj
-1 -1.05 TD
0.1675 Tw
(for the Nation. Nearly 80 percent of U.S. import and export freight is transported )Tj
T*
0.145 Tw
(through seaports. Our 3.4 million square mile Exclusive Economic Zone \(EEZ\), the )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(largest in the world, covers an area greater than the entire United States. )Tj
1 -1.05 TD
0.46 Tw
(The Blue Economyjobs and economic opportunities that emerge from our )Tj
-1 -1.05 TD
0.12 Tw
(oceans, Great Lakes, and coastal resourcesgenerates more than 50 percent of our )Tj
T*
0.215 Tw
(Nations Gross Domestic Product and provides over 70 million jobs to Americans. )Tj
T*
(Simply put, the economic health of America is undeniable linked to the riches of )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(our oceans and coasts. )Tj
1 -1.05 TD
0.1225 Tw
(Todays witnesses have compelling stories to tell us about the Blue Economy and )Tj
-1 -1.05 TD
0.2425 Tw
(its importance. From food to fuel, we rely on oceans for goods and services that )Tj
T*
0.0575 Tw
(drive the economy. America is on the cusp of major developments that could produce )Tj
T*
0.1075 Tw
(new blue jobs in renewable ocean energy development, aquaculture, marine drugs )Tj
T*
0.13 Tw
(and products, and ocean exploration, and I look forward to hearing from each indi-)Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(vidual here. )Tj
1 -1.0375 TD
0.17 Tw
(Before we begin, I want to take a moment to highlight what is, in my view the )Tj
-1 -1.0375 TD
0.2125 Tw
(most prominent threat to our Blue Economy and that is climate change. Climate )Tj
T*
0.185 Tw
(change is acidifying the waters, warming oceans, and creating giant dead zones )Tj
T*
0.13 Tw
(jeopardizing the $111 billion commercial seafood industry and the promising devel-)Tj
T*
0.135 Tw
(opment of new products from our oceans. Sea-level rise is threatening coastal com-)Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(munities and the maritime industries that provide millions of jobs. )Tj
1 -1.0375 TD
0.0775 Tw
(There are key steps that we must take now to sustain and grow our Nations blue )Tj
-1 -1.0375 TD
0 Tw
(economy. )Tj
1 -1.0375 TD
0.47 Tw
(We must strengthen the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration )Tj
-1 -1.0375 TD
0.2625 Tw
(\(NOAA\). First, I hope the Administration will commit to doubling the budget of )Tj
T*
0.105 Tw
(NOAA by 2012. Second, currently, NOAA operates through more than 200 separate )Tj
T*
0.065 Tw
(authorization creating overlaps and disconnects among different parts of the agency. )Tj
T*
0.1125 Tw
(The U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy recommended that Congress establish an or-)Tj
T*
0.2 Tw
(ganic act for NOAA to codify its mission. I support this goal and look forward to )Tj
T*
0.0775 Tw
(working with my colleagues and the Administration to enact legislation establishing )Tj
T*
0 Tw
(NOAA. )Tj
1 -1.0375 TD
0.2125 Tw
(We also must look for new and innovative ways to plan for uses of our oceans )Tj
-1 -1.0375 TD
0.1975 Tw
(and coasts that supports economic growth, protects ecological services and unique )Tj
T*
(marine areas, and reduces conflicts among users. Balancing use and protection of )Tj
T*
0.195 Tw
(marine resources for current and future generations requires strong science-based )Tj
T*
0.13 Tw
(management of our oceans and coasts, interagency coordination, and Federal-state- )Tj
T*
0.18 Tw
(local partnerships. For this reason, I sent a letter to President Obama urging the )Tj
T*
0.24 Tw
(Administration working through the Office of Science and Technology Policy, the )Tj
T*
0.1675 Tw
(Council of Environmental Quality, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Ad-)Tj
T*
0.33 Tw
(ministration to develop a comprehensive science-based Federal marine planning )Tj
T*
0.2225 Tw
(framework to guide decisions on ocean use and conservation and to promote eco-)Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(system-based management. )Tj
1 -1.0375 TD
0.09 Tw
(In closing I want to state very clearlyfor those who live on our coasts and those )Tj
-1 -1.0375 TD
0.0875 Tw
(who do not, like my statewe must all be a part of the effort to improve the health )Tj
T*
0.2225 Tw
(and well-being of our oceans. Americas economic growth and the livelihood of so )Tj
T*
0.16 Tw
(many workers depend on the decisions we make now. What is good for the health )Tj
T*
0.0525 Tw
(of our coastal communities and oceans is good for the Nation. )Tj
1 -1.0375 TD
(Thank you. )Tj
/F12 1 Tf
16 0 0 16 301.52 122.9999 Tm
0 Tw
( )Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.5 0 0 6.5 25 20 Tm
1 g
[(VerDate Nov 24 2008 )-1076.9(09:02 Jul 16, 2009)-1076.9(Jkt 050769)-1076.9(PO 00000)-1076.9(Frm 00055)-1076.9(Fmt 6601)-1076.9(Sfmt 6611)-1076.9(S:\\WPSHR\\GPO\\DOCS\\50769.TXT)-1076.9(SCOM1)-1076.9(PsN: JACKIE)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
185 0 obj
<<
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text ]
/Font <<
/F1 4 0 R
/F5 8 0 R
/F7 24 0 R
/F12 186 0 R
>>
/ExtGState <<
/GS1 9 0 R
>>
>>
endobj
55 0 obj
<<
/Type /XObject
/Subtype /Image
/Width 634
/Height 307
/BitsPerComponent 8
/ColorSpace /DeviceGray
/Length 16884
/Filter /FlateDecode
>>
stream
HyTTG/4
mC :G(ƓK%d⒣NF@P3 Ib4$DQT
.z{^w:'~t{[WuQ$I$I$I$I$I=(nl$I?5!/$I,wZ$Iݍ+s]r$$YDy,#Mm}1H_&s z*LHh#?MJld|[%1Y4x[IK iI+=6oU7D]-4kۼ֎mx > )]m5^ ;ZoQ iD}IMP5|M䙂HuyRw YuYE g8)r:>Z{IN-i[c{Tg~u_.%'_j\Bh*WAB_Vț q?~v1{/zIhu4bٳ`SοY(.Dbٯ9yz`6f+8}˽Z.HJC.76m+Ӎ6g?_G1\k:nۍMzwb06`j#yG94O^0}C$ɠ~ w@g'lY~ JaG[nX=90Ù>/(cuJ͘**hFxA>3qGWU<AMۮ+N@ܭʝQxIE{}p_gUZv^ve~T=ڄ*0O3>3{PzKs8C5/ig}):t=7'Of߿sO82A]~1fЀ#O]i jJGxFY9sfϭa]"?<7XP?_ߣ{,|Q\IZ&ֽ],[T]اYglOu2G;R)d5[
;hVjk#"y֎N ֠RP(v8exC@H#fb;tQ^]Q,urXeCdnLDI#81[dtlp{\A\Vr'0(ٕ)TˎcAICҏ)&`hK/؇X=li:zDW#a(O^uH%qBv) ?a'{ C7 9+:Jfn.,b